(A) Example trial of the additional singleton visual search task. Trials started with a placeholder display (800 ms duration) signifying trial onset, followed by a fixed interstimulus interval (ISI) …
(A) Reaction times (RTs in ms; ordinate) were faster when distractor stimuli appeared at the high-probability distractor location (HPDL) compared to neutral location nearby the HPDL (NL-near) or …
Behavioral facilitation by distractor suppression – reaction time (RT) data.
Behavioral facilitation by distractor suppression – accuracy data.
(A) Region of interest (ROI) analysis procedure. During an independent location localizer task (left) checkerboard cross patterns (flickering black and white at 4 Hz) were presented at the locations …
(A) fMRI BOLD responses (ordinate) during search trials, split into stimulus types (abscissa). Color denotes locations based on distractor contingencies with red = high-probability distractor …
Distractor suppression in early visual cortex – search trials.
Distractor suppression in early visual cortex – omission trials.
To ensure that our results were not dependent on the exact number of voxels in the ROI masks, we repeated the main fMRI analysis with varying mask sizes. For simplicity, and because the primary ROI …
fMRI results generalize across region of interest (ROI) mask sizes – search trials.
fMRI results generalize across region of interest (ROI) mask sizes – omission trials.
The high-probability distractor location (HPDL) differed between participants to avoid systematic effects of BOLD response differences driven by the physical location or hemodynamic differences for …
fMRI results did not depend on location-specific normalization of BOLD responses – search trials.
fMRI results did not depend on location-specific normalization of BOLD responses – omission trials.
To test for potential contributions of spatial priming due to the location of the distractor stimulus on the preceding trial, compared to statistical learning, we first computed a BOLD suppression …
Priming does not explain distractor suppression.
Depicted are results from a cross-validation analysis, confirming the stimulus location selectivity of our early visual cortex (EVC) ROI masks. Number of voxels are shown on the x axis, while the y …
Region of interest (ROI) location masks generalize across localizer runs.
Results for search (A) and omission (B) trials were highly similar to the main results using the full sample. Significant suppression of BOLD responses at both the HPDL and neutral location nearby …
Distractor suppression in a subsample of participants with incorrect high-probability distractor location (HPDL) choices in the questionnaire – search trials.
Distractor suppression in a subsample of participants with incorrect high-probability distractor location (HPDL) choices in the questionnaire – omission trials.
Behavioral data in a target contingent analysis. To avoid confounds by distractor location, only distractor absent trials were included in the target contingent analysis. (A) Reaction times (RTs in …
No behavioral prioritization of targets at neutral location furthest away from the HPDL (NL-far) – reaction time (RT) data.
No behavioral prioritization of targets at neutral location furthest away from the HPDL (NL-far) – accuracy data.
(A) fMRI BOLD responses (ordinate) during search trials in V1 (left) and V2 (right), split into stimulus types (abscissa). Color denotes locations based on distractor contingencies with red = …
Distractor suppression in primary visual cortex – search trials.
Distractor suppression in secondary visual cortex – search trials.
Distractor suppression in primary visual cortex – omission trials.
Distractor suppression in secondary visual cortex – omission trials.
BOLD suppression was comparable between early (Run 1+2) and late (Run 4+5) phases of the MRI experiment, suggesting consistent suppression in EVC following statistical learning. Error-bars denote …
Results of planned pairwise tests contrasting fMRI BOLD responses during search trials.
Contrasted are the three stimulus locations (high-probability distractor location [HPDL], neutral location nearby the HPDL [NL-near], neutral location furthest away from the HPDL [NL-far]) for each stimulus type (distractor, target, neutral stimulus) separately. Reported are paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests results as appropriate with associated effect sizes (Cohen’s d for t-tests and matched rank biserial correlation for Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). p-Values are uncorrected. Bayes factors denote the BF10 from Bayesian paired t-tests.
Distractor suppression in primary visual cortex – search trials.
Distractor suppression in secondary visual cortex – search trials.
Distractor suppression in primary visual cortex – omission trials.
Distractor suppression in secondary visual cortex – omission trials.