Research Article

Neuroscience

Cross-species standardised cortico-subcortical tractography

Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
Lipschultz Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
Institute for Language, Cognition, and the Brain, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, France
Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neurosciences, UMR 7077, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille, France
NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, United States
Oxford Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Baylor College of Medicine, United States
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands

Dec 1, 2025

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.107012.3

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Additional files

21 figures, 3 tables and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1

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Tractography reconstructions of subcortical bundles in the macaque and human brain using correspondingly defined protocols.

Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) in sagittal, coronal, and axial views of group-averaged probabilistic path distributions, for all proposed tractography protocols in the macaque (6 animal average) and human (average of 50 subjects from the Human Connectome Project). All MIPs are within a window of 20% of the field of view centred at the displayed slices. (A) Frontal, temporal, and parietal parts of the extreme capsule ( $E m C_{f}, E m C_{t}, E m C_{P}$ ); frontal, temporal, and parietal parts of the striatal bundle ( $S t B_{f}, S t B_{t}, S t B_{p}$ ); and the Muratoff bundle (MB). (B) Amygdalofugal tract (*AMF*); anterior commissure (AC); uncinate fasciculus ( $U F$ ); sensorimotor part of the striatal bundle ( $S t B_{m}$ ). Path distributions were thresholded at 0.1% before averaging.

Figure 2

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Tractography mirrors tracer patterns in the macaque brain, with similar patterns in the human.

The proposed protocols were first developed in the macaque guided by tracer literature, and then transferred over to the human. Relative positioning of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI)-reconstructed tracts was subsequently explored against the ones suggested by tracers, with good agreement in both species. (A) The dorsal–medial/ventral–lateral separation between the extreme an external capsule (here the frontal parts ( $E m C_{f}$ ) and $S t B_{f}$ shown) is present in macaque tractography, as suggested in the tracer literature. The Muratoff bundle runs along the head of the caudate nucleus. These relative positions are also preserved in the human tractography results. Tracer image modified from Petrides and Pandya, 2006 with permission (under a CC BY 4.0 licence). (B) Similarly for the amygdalofugal (*AMF*) bundle, which runs under the anterior commissure (AC) and over the uncinate fasciculus (UF), we see agreement with tracer studies with respect to its location in both the macaque and human tractography (Oler et al., 2017; Folloni et al., 2019; Oler and Fudge, 2019). Tracer image adapted from Oler et al., 2017 with permission (under a CC BY 4.0 licence). In all examples group-average tractography results are shown.

Figure 3

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Tractography-derived connectivity patterns in the putamen resemble (for both macaque and human) termination sites identified by tracers after injections at different cortical areas (frontal, sensorimotor, parietal, and temporal) in the macaque.

Left: Using macaque tracer data from 78 injections in various parts of the cortex, tracer termination sites in the putamen suggested a pattern based on the distinct cortical origin of the tracer injection sites; moving from the dorsolateral to the ventromedial putamen. Right: The path distributions of the different parts of the striatal bundle ( $S t B_{f}, S t B m, S t B_{p}, S t B_{t}$ ) within the putamen reveal a similar pattern of connectivity to different parts of the cortex, both for macaque (top) and the human (bottom). Coronal and axial views of group-average results are shown for tractography. Cortical areas (Front: frontal cortex, Par: parietal cortex, Temp: temporal cortex, SensMot: Sensorimotor cortex) were obtained from the CHARM1 parcellation (Jung et al., 2021) in the macaque brain (for both tracers and tractography) and from the Harvard parcellation in the human (Frazier et al., 2005; Desikan et al., 2006; Makris and Pandya, 2009).

Figure 4

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Generalisability of proposed tractography reconstructions across data quality and individuals.

Results for the new subcortical tracts (right column) are shown against reference corresponding results for the original set of XTRACT tracts (left column), which have been widely used (Warrington et al., 2020). (A) Tract similarity within and between two in vivo human cohorts, spanning a wide range of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data quality (HCP: high resolution, long scan time, bespoke setup, UK Biobank (UKB): standard resolution, short scan time, clinical scanner). Violin plots of the average across tracts pairwise Pearson’s correlations, between 1225 unique subject pairs within and across the two cohorts, are shown. Correlations are performed on normalised tract density maps with a threshold of 0.5%. Reported μ is the mean of the correlations across tracts and subject pairs and σ is the standard deviation. (B) Tract similarity in twins, non-twin siblings, and unrelated subjects. Violin plots of the average across tracts pairwise Pearson’s correlations between 72 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 72 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, 72 non-twin sibling pairs, and 72 unrelated subject pairs from the Human Connectome Project. Heritable traits are more similar in MZ twins, equally similar in DZ twins and non-twin siblings and more than in unrelated subjects. Asterisk indicates significant pairwise comparisons between groups, as indicated by the brackets.

Figure 5

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Identifying homologous deep brain structures (subcortical nuclei and hippocampus) across species solely by connectivity pattern similarity, obtained by the new tractography reconstructions.

Using the corresponding tracts in humans and macaques, connectivity blueprints can be calculated. These are $G M x T r a c t s$ matrices, with each row providing the pattern of how a grey matter (GM) location is connected to the predefined set of Tracts (Mars et al., 2018b). Left: Starting from the average connectivity blueprints (across the 50 human subjects) of reference human regions of interest (ROIs) (Caud: caudate, Put: putamen, Thal: thalamus, Hipp: hippocampus, Amyg: amygdala), Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence (or inverse similarity) maps can be computed against the connectivity blueprints of deeper subcortical regions in the macaque (average shown in the middle). The highest connection pattern similarity corresponds to the homologue macaque region of the corresponding human one. Right: Boxplots of KL divergence values between the reference human regions (across the 50 subjects) and the five macaque ones (across the six macaques). Each box shows the quartiles of the data while the whiskers extend to show the rest of the distribution, except for points that are determined to be “outliers”. Blue dashed line corresponds to median KL divergence values when all white matter tracts are considered (both cortico-cortical and the new subcortical ones). Red dashed line corresponds to median KL divergence when using only cortico-cortical tracts. When cortico-subcortical tracts are included vs not, there is increased specificity/contrast in the cross-species mapping of these deeper structures. The boxplot with the lowest median divergence is shown in green in each case, indicating the best-matching regions in the macaque to the human reference (i.e. caudate human reference best matches macaque caudate, putamen human reference best matches macaque putamen, etc).

Figure 6

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Identifying homologous cortical regions across species solely by connectivity pattern similarity, obtained with and without the new tractography reconstructions.

Two pairs of neighbouring frontal regions were chosen ( $d m P F C$ : dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and $v m P F C$ : ventromedial prefrontal cortex, $O F C_{r}$ : rostral orbitofrontal cortex and $F O_{P}$ : frontal operculum) and their mapping from human to macaque (A) and from macaque to human (B) was explored. For comparison, we overlay in cyan the corresponding homologue regions in each species, as defined in Folloni et al., 2019. (A) Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence maps in the macaque for a given human cortical reference region (one region per row), representing the similarity in connectivity patterns across the macaque cortex to the average pattern of the human reference region. KL divergence maps are calculated using cortico-cortical (first column), cortico-subcortical (second column), and all tracts (third column) to highlight the effect of the cortico-subcortical tractography reconstructions in the prediction. Subcortical tracts provide larger benefits for the prediction of $v m P F C$ and $O F C_{r}$ , increasing specificity with respect to the expected borders. (B) Same as in A, but using macaque regions as reference and making predictions on the human cortex. KL divergence maps in the human for a given macaque cortical region, representing the similarity of connectivity pattern across the human cortex to the average pattern of the reference macaque region. Overall, in both species, an increased similarity to the reference regions in the homologue areas and decreased similarity across the rest of the cortex is observed, when cortico-subcortical tracts are considered (second or third column). Using the average human (across 50 subjects) and average macaque (across 6 animals) blueprints for this analysis.

Figure 7

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Connectivity patterns for neighbouring frontal region pairs, showing distinct cortico-subcortical tract contributions in macaque and human.

Considered regions are the same as in Figure 6A, that is, $F O_{P}$ : frontal operculum, $O F C_{r}$ : rostral orbitofrontal cortex, $d m P F C$ : dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, $v m P F C$ : ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Reference regions were chosen in the human cortex, shown in orange, and obtained from Folloni et al., 2019. The best matching region across the whole macaque cortex was identified by the minimum Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence in connectivity patterns (thresholded at the 7th percentile in each case) and is shown in blue. Average connectivity patterns for the reference and best-matching regions are depicted using the polar plots. For each region, similarities in the connectivity patterns between the macaque and human can be observed, with the new cortico-subcortical bundles contributing to these patterns. For instance, $F O_{P}$ has a strong connection pattern involving $E M C_{f}$ and uncinate fasciculus (UF) and moderately $S t B_{f}$ and AF, while its neighbouring $O F C_{r}$ has a stronger pattern involving $S t B_{f}$ and *UF,* compared to $E M C_{f}$ . These differences are preserved across both species. Using the average human (across 50 subjects) and average macaque (across 6 animals) blueprints for this analysis.

Figure 8

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Corresponding tract protocol definitions across species.

Protocol definitions for all new (and revised) tracts in the human and macaque. Protocols were first designed in the macaque brain guided by macaque tracer literature, and then transferred over to the human. Colour-coded regions depict the seed, target, and stop masks. Exclusion masks are not shown for ease of visualisation.

Figure 9

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Improved specificity in subcortical connectivity patterns when using directly the tractography path distributions.

Subcortical $G M_{s u b} \times T r a c t s$ blueprints were built using: (1) an intermediary whole-brain tractography $G M \times W M$ matrix, multiplied by $W M \times T r a c t s$ as done in Mars et al., 2018b for cortical regions, and (2) the intersection of the path distribution of each tract with the subcortical structures of interest. The two approaches are shown on the left and right columns for each of the macaque and human examples and for representative example tracts (rows). The latter approach resulted in improved specificity in both the macaque and human, with the tract of interest connecting more focally to the relevant subcortical nucleus. For instance $S t B$ tracts end up more specifically in the putamen, MB in the caudate, AC in the amygdala, and ATR in the thalamus. All examples are shown as axial views, apart from $S t B_{m}, S t B_{t}$ , MB in the macaque that are shown in coronal views.

Appendix 1—figure 1

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Tract reconstructions using our cortico-subcortical protocols, with good agreement between the macaque and the human.

Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) of the group-averaged path distributions for all developed tractography protocols in the macaque (6 animal average) and human (50 healthy subject average from the Human Connectome Project dataset; HCP). All MIPs are across a window (20% of the field of view) centred at the displayed slices. Thresholded path distributions are displayed with a low threshold of 0.1% (for the $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ parts the 90th percentile was used).

Appendix 1—figure 2

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Relative positions maintained for all corresponding parts of striatal and extreme capsule bundles, across species.

Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) of the group-averaged tractography results for corresponding parts of the striatal bundle ( $𝑆𝑡𝐵$ )/external capsule and the extreme capsule ( $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ ) in the macaque (6 animal average) and human (50 healthy subject average from the Human Connectome Project dataset; HCP). For each part, $𝑆𝑡𝐵$ is more medial and $E m C$ is more lateral with respect to each other. Tracts considered: frontal, temporal, and parietal parts of the anterior limb of the extreme capsule ( $E m C_{f}$ , $E m C_{t}$ , $E m C_{p}$ ); frontal, temporal, and parietal parts of the striatal bundle ( $S t B_{f}$ , $S t B_{t}$ , $S t B_{p}$ ) (Table 1 in main text).

Appendix 1—figure 3

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Corresponding tract reconstructions using our macaque cortico-subcortical protocols, between the two macaque standard spaces, F99 and NMT.

Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) of the group-averaged path distributions for all developed tractography results for all developed protocols in the macaque (6 animal average) using protocols in the F99 standard space and protocols in the NMT standard space. All MIPs are across a window (20% of the field of view) centred at the displayed slices. Thresholded path distributions are displayed with a low threshold of 0.1% (for the $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ parts the 90th percentile was used).

Appendix 1—figure 4

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Corresponding tract reconstructions using our cortico-subcortical protocols, between different data resolutions (spatial and angular) and acquisition protocols.

Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) of the group-averaged path distributions for all developed tractography results for all developed protocols in 50 Human Connectome Project (HCP) and 50 UK Biobank (UKB) subjects. All MIPs are across a window (20% of the field of view) centred at the displayed slices. Thresholded path distributions are displayed with a low threshold of 0.1% (for the $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ parts the 90th percentile was used).

Appendix 1—figure 5

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Corresponding tract reconstructions using our cortico-subcortical protocols, across different cohort sizes.

Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) of the group-averaged path distributions for all developed tractography results for all developed protocols in 10, 50, and 339 (all unrelated subjects) Human Connectome Project (HCP) subjects. All MIPs are across a window (20% of the field of view) centred at the displayed slices. Thresholded path distributions are displayed with a low threshold of 0.1% (for the $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ parts the 90th percentile was used).

Appendix 1—figure 6

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Individual subject tract reconstructions match the group average, while preserving expected topology for $𝑆𝑡𝐵$ and $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ .

Showing reconstruction and relative topology for frontal and parietal parts ( $S t B_{f}$ vs $E m C_{f}$ , $S t B_{p}$ vs $E m C_{p}$ ) for individual subjects. The subjects chosen are those corresponding to the 10th, 50th (median), and 90th percentile of the distribution of tract correlations against the group average for the HCP cohort (N = 50). For each subject, the mean correlation to the average across all New tracts was computed and subjects were ranked based on this mean tract correlation. In all cases, tracts reconstruct similarly to the average atlas, while preserving the expected topology ( $𝑆𝑡𝐵$ more medial than $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ ).

Appendix 1—figure 7

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Individual subject tract reconstructions match the group average for $𝑀𝐵$ , $𝐴𝑀𝐹$ , and $𝑈𝐹$ .

The subjects chosen are those corresponding to the 10th, 50th (median), and 90th percentiles of the tract correlations against the group average for the HCP cohort (N = 50). For each subject, the mean correlation to the average across all New tracts was computed and subjects were ranked based on this mean tract correlation. In all cases, tracts reconstruct similarly to the atlas.

Author response image 1

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Comparison between 10-subject average for example subcortical tracts using TractSeg and XTRACT.

We chose example bundles shared between our set and TractSeg. Per subject TractSeg produces a binary mask rather than a path distribution per tract. Furthermore, the mask is highly overlapping across subjects. Where direct correspondence was not possible, we found the closest matching tract. Specifically, we used ST_PREF for STBf, and merged ST_PREC with ST_POSTC to match StBm. There was no correspondence for the temporal part of StB.

Author response image 2

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Violin plots of the mean pairwise Pearson’s correlations across tracts between 72 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 72 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, 72 non-twin sibling pairs, and 72 unrelated subject pairs from the Human Connectome Project, using Tractseg (left) and XTRACT (right).

About 12 cortico-subcortical tracts were considered, as closely matched as possible between the two approaches. For Tractseg we considered: 'CA', 'FX', 'ST_FO', 'ST_M1S1' (merged ‘ST_PREC’ and ‘ST_POSTC’ to approximate the sensorimotor part of our striatal bundle), 'ST_OCC', 'ST_PAR', 'ST_PREF', 'ST_PREM', 'T_M1S1' (merged ‘T_PREC’ and ‘T_POSTC’ to approximate the sensorimotor part of our striatal bundle), 'T_PREF', 'T_PREM', 'UF'. For XTRACT we considered: 'ac', 'fx', 'StB_f', 'StB_m', 'StB_p', 'StB_t, 'EmC_f', 'EmC_p', 'EmC_t', 'MB', 'amf', 'uf'. Showing the mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) for each group. There were no significant di^erences between groups using TractSeg.

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Subsets chosen from the HCP and UKB reflect similar range of average motion (relative and absolute) to the corresponding full cohorts.

(A) Absolute and relative motion comparison between N=50 and N=339 unrelated HCP subjects. (B) Absolute and relative motion comparison between N=50 and N=7192 super-healthy UKB subjects.

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Average SNR and CNR values show similar range between the N=50 UKB subset and the full UK Biobank cohort of N=7192.

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Connectivity profiles for example cortico-cortical tracts with and without using the intermediary GMxWM matrix.

Tracts considered are the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus 1 (SLF₁), Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus 2 (SLF₂), the Frontal Aslant (FA) and the Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus (IFO). We see that the surface connectivity patterns without using the GMxWM intermediary matrix are more diffuse (effect of “fanning out” gyral bias), with reduced specificity, compared to whenusing the GMxWM matrix

Tables

Table 1

New and revised subcortical protocols.

The developed subcortical tractography protocols for the macaque and human brain. Protocols for anterior commissure, fornix, and uncinate fasciculus were revised from Warrington et al., 2020.

Tract name	Abbreviation
Amygdalofugal tract	$A M F$
Anterior commissure	$AC$
Extreme capsule (frontal)	$E m C_{f}$
Extreme capsule (temporal)	$Em C_{t}$
Extreme capsule (parietal)	$Em C_{p}$
Fornix	$FX$
Muratoff bundle	$MB$
Striatal bundle (sensorimotor)	$St B_{m}$
Striatal bundle (frontal)	$St B_{f}$
Striatal bundle (temporal)	$St B_{t}$
Striatal bundle (parietal)	$St B_{p}$
Uncinate fasciculus	$UF$

Key resources table

Resources used in this work.

Reagent type (species) or resource	Designation	Source or reference	Identifiers	Additional information
Software, algorithm	BEDPOSTX	Jbabdi et al., 2012; Hernández et al., 2013	BEDPOSTX	FSL package
Software, algorithm	XTRACT	Warrington et al., 2020	XTRACT	FSL package
Software, algorithm	PROBTRACKX	Behrens et al., 2007; Hernandez-Fernandez et al., 2019	PROBTRACKX	FSL package
Software, algorithm	FNIRT	Andersson et al., 2007	FNIRT	FSL package
Software, algorithm	RheMap	Jouandet and Gazzaniga, 1979	RheMap
Software, algorithm	Python 3.12.11		Python	General Analysis (FSL package)
Software, algorithm	Connectome Workbench v2.1.0	URL	Workbench	General Analysis

Appendix 1—table 1

List of all species-matched (human and macaque) tract protocols, grouped as cortico-cortical, cortico-subcortical, and cerebellar.

Columns indicate whether corresponding protocols are bilateral or not and whether they are New, Revised, or not changed (Original XTRACT).

Cortico-cortical	Abbreviation	Bilateral	Version
Arcuate fasciculus	$A F$	Yes	Original
Cingulum subsection: dorsal	$C B D$	Yes	Original
Cingulum subsection: peri-genual	$C B P$	Yes	Original
Cingulum subsection: temporal	$C B T$	Yes	Original
Corticospinal tract	$C S T$	Yes	Original
Frontal aslant	$F A$	Yes	Original
Forceps major	$F M A$	No	Original
Forceps minor	$F M I$	No	Original
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus	$I L F$	Yes	Original
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus	$I F O$	Yes	Original
Middle longitudinal fasciculus	$M d L F$	Yes	Original
Superior longitudinal fasciculus 1	$S L F 1$	Yes	Original
Superior longitudinal fasciculus 2	$S L F 2$	Yes	Original
Superior longitudinal fasciculus 3	$S L F 3$	Yes	Original
Vertical occipital fasciculus	$V O F$	Yes	Original
Uncinate fasciculus	$U F$	Yes	Revised
Cortico-subcortical
Acoustic radiation	$A R$	Yes	Original
Anterior thalamic radiation	$A T R$	Yes	Original
Optic radiation	$O R$	Yes	Original
Superior thalamic radiation	$S T R$	Yes	Original
Fornix	$F X$	Yes	Revised
Anterior commissure	$A C$	No	Revised
Amygdalofugal tract	$A M F$	Yes	New
Muratoff bundle/subcallosal fasciculus	$M B$	Yes	New
Striatal bundle/external capsule (sensorimotor)	$S t B_{m}$	Yes	New
Striatal bundle/external capsule (frontal)	$S t B_{f}$	Yes	New
Striatal bundle/external capsule (temporal)	$S t B_{t}$	Yes	New
Striatal bundle/external capsule (parietal)	$S t B_{p}$	Yes	New
Extreme capsule (frontal)	$E m C_{f}$	Yes	New
Extreme capsule (temporal)	$E m C_{t}$	Yes	New
Extreme capsule (parietal)	$E m C_{p}$	Yes	New
Cerebellar
Middle cerebellar peduncle	MCP	No	Original

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Stephania Assimopoulos
Shaun Warrington
Davide Folloni
Katherine Bryant
Ali-Reza Mohammadi-Nejad
Wei Tang
Saad Jbabdi
Sarah R Heilbronner
Rogier B Mars
Stamatios N Sotiropoulos

(2025)

Cross-species standardised cortico-subcortical tractography

eLife 14:RP107012.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.107012.3

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Tractography reconstructions of subcortical bundles in the macaque and human brain using correspondingly defined protocols.

Tractography mirrors tracer patterns in the macaque brain, with similar patterns in the human.

Tractography-derived connectivity patterns in the putamen resemble (for both macaque and human) termination sites identified by tracers after injections at different cortical areas (frontal, sensorimotor, parietal, and temporal) in the macaque.

Generalisability of proposed tractography reconstructions across data quality and individuals.

Identifying homologous deep brain structures (subcortical nuclei and hippocampus) across species solely by connectivity pattern similarity, obtained by the new tractography reconstructions.

Identifying homologous cortical regions across species solely by connectivity pattern similarity, obtained with and without the new tractography reconstructions.

Connectivity patterns for neighbouring frontal region pairs, showing distinct cortico-subcortical tract contributions in macaque and human.

Corresponding tract protocol definitions across species.

Improved specificity in subcortical connectivity patterns when using directly the tractography path distributions.

Tract reconstructions using our cortico-subcortical protocols, with good agreement between the macaque and the human.

Relative positions maintained for all corresponding parts of striatal and extreme capsule bundles, across species.

Corresponding tract reconstructions using our macaque cortico-subcortical protocols, between the two macaque standard spaces, F99 and NMT.

Corresponding tract reconstructions using our cortico-subcortical protocols, between different data resolutions (spatial and angular) and acquisition protocols.

Corresponding tract reconstructions using our cortico-subcortical protocols, across different cohort sizes.

Individual subject tract reconstructions match the group average, while preserving expected topology for 𝑆𝑡𝐵 and 𝐸𝑚𝐶.

Individual subject tract reconstructions match the group average for 𝑀𝐵, 𝐴𝑀𝐹, and 𝑈𝐹.

Comparison between 10-subject average for example subcortical tracts using TractSeg and XTRACT.

Violin plots of the mean pairwise Pearson’s correlations across tracts between 72 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 72 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, 72 non-twin sibling pairs, and 72 unrelated subject pairs from the Human Connectome Project, using Tractseg (left) and XTRACT (right).

Subsets chosen from the HCP and UKB reflect similar range of average motion (relative and absolute) to the corresponding full cohorts.

Average SNR and CNR values show similar range between the N=50 UKB subset and the full UK Biobank cohort of N=7192.

Connectivity profiles for example cortico-cortical tracts with and without using the intermediary GMxWM matrix.

New and revised subcortical protocols.

Resources used in this work.

List of all species-matched (human and macaque) tract protocols, grouped as cortico-cortical, cortico-subcortical, and cerebellar.

MDAR checklist

Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)

Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)

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Individual subject tract reconstructions match the group average, while preserving expected topology for $𝑆𝑡𝐵$ and $𝐸𝑚𝐶$ .

Individual subject tract reconstructions match the group average for $𝑀𝐵$ , $𝐴𝑀𝐹$ , and $𝑈𝐹$ .