Continuous flash suppression of neural responses and population orientation coding in macaque V1
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, China
- IDG-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development and Mental Health, Zhejiang University, China
Figures
Figure 1
Two-photon imaging and ocular dominance (OD) mapping.
(A) Optical windows for imaging of two macaques. Green crosses indicate the regions for viral vector injections, and yellow boxes indicate the fields of view (FOVs) chosen for imaging. (B) Stimuli used for OD mapping. A circular-windowed square-wave grating was presented monocularly to each eye, respectively, to probe each neuron’s ocular dominance index (ODI). (C) OD functional maps of each FOV at single-neuron resolution showing OD clusters. (D) Frequency distributions of individual neurons’ OD indices in each FOV.
Figure 2
The impacts of continuous flash suppression (CFS) on population orientation tuning in two macaques.
(A) Stimuli used in the CFS experiment for one macaque. The grating target was presented to one eye, which was dichoptically masked by a circular flashing masker presented to the other eye. The white dot was the fixation point. (B) Exemplar baseline and CFS orientation tuning functions for neurons with different eye preferences based on Gaussian fitting. Error bars indicate ± SE across trials (n = 12 trials per condition for all FOVs, except n = 10 trials for MB2). (C) Population orientation tuning functions of all neurons without CFS as the baseline and with CFS based on Gaussian fitting. Data from two FOVs of each monkey were pooled due to highly consistent results. Error bars represent ±1 SE across neurons. (D) Population orientation tuning functions of subgroups of neurons with different eye preferences without and with CFS. Data from two FOVs of each monkey were pooled. Curves are fitting results using an ocular-dominance-dependent gain control model. Error bars represent ±1 SE across neurons. (E) The impacts of CFS on Fisher information. Fisher information is plotted as a function of relative orientation to the neuron’s preferred orientation without and with CFS. Shaded areas denote ±1 SE across neurons. (F) The ratio of baseline/CFS Fisher information within 15° of neurons’ preferred orientations. Data from two FOVs of each monkey were pooled due to highly consistent results.
Figure 3
Decoding consequences of continuous flash suppression (CFS) revealed by machine learning.
(A) Multiway orientation classification accuracies under CFS vs. baseline conditions obtained using support vector machine (SVM) decoders. Each datum represents results from a contralateral or ipsilateral grating condition with a specific FOV averaged across 10-fold cross-validations. Error bars denote 95% confidence intervals across cross-validation folds. (B) A diagram of the transformer model for stimulus image reconstruction. (C) Exemplar learning curves of transformer models under baseline and CFS conditions from two FOVs. The vertical dashed line indicates the epoch at which the baseline model reaches 75% of its total loss decrease between the two learning plateaus estimated using a sigmoid fit. (D) Illustrations of corresponding reconstructed stimulus images on the basis of learning curves in C. (E) Box plots of structural similarity index (SSIM) scores between the original and reconstructed images with baseline and CFS transformers. Within an FOV, results from contralateral eye and ipsilateral eye conditions are combined. Box summarizes the combined samples within an FOV (576 samples per FOV except 480 for MB2). Box plots show the median (center line), interquartile range (box), whiskers extending to 1.5× the interquartile range, and outliers (data points beyond the whiskers).
Figure 4
Effects of continuous flash suppression (CFS) on V2 orientation responses.
(A) Ocular dominance (OD) maps of the two V2 FOVs of Monkey A (MA-V2-1 and MA-V2-2). (B) Population orientation tuning functions for all orientation-tuned neurons with baseline and CFS conditions. Curves represent the results of Gaussian fittings. Error bars represent ±1 SE across neurons. (C) Fisher information as a function of the relative orientation to the neuron’s preferred orientation with baseline and CFS conditions. Shaded areas denote ±1 SE across neurons. Fisher information was lower in MA-V2-2 due to higher variations in the data. (D) Multiway orientation classification accuracies under CFS vs. baseline conditions using support vector machine (SVM) decoders. Each datum represents results from a contralateral or ipsilateral grating condition with one FOV, averaged across 10 fold cross-validations. Error bars denote 95% confidence intervals across cross-validation folds. (E) Box plots of structural similarity index (SSIM) scores between the original and reconstructed images with baseline and CFS transformers. Within an FOV, results from contralateral eye and ipsilateral eye conditions are combined. Box summarizes the combined samples within an FOV (672 samples for MA-V2-1, 480 for MA-V2-2). Box plots show the median (center line), interquartile range (box), whiskers extending to 1.5× the interquartile range, and outliers (data points beyond the whiskers).
Tables
Key resources table
| Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| strain, strain background (M. mulatta) | Rhesus monkey | Beijing Prima Biotech | http://www.primabio.com.cn/Default | |
| recombinant DNA reagent | AAV1.hSyn.GCaMP5G | Penn Vector Core | V5072MI-R | |
| software, algorithm | MATLAB | MathWorks | RRID:SCR_001622 | R2022b |
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Continuous flash suppression of neural responses and population orientation coding in macaque V1
eLife 14:RP107518.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.107518.4
