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Figure 1

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In the absence of switching, (a) eventual extinction for both strategies vs (b) survival for the colonial strategy.

Initial conditions for both are $n_{1} = 2$ , $n_{2} = 2$ , $K = 5$ . Shared parameters are $r_{s} = 0$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ . For (a), $A = 1.001$ . For (b), $A = 0.5$ .

Figure 2

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Behavioral switching which results in (a) extinction vs (b) survival.

Initial conditions for both are $n_{1} = 2$ , $n_{2} = 2$ , $K = 5$ . Shared parameters are $r_{s} = 1000$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ . For (a), $L_{1} = 3$ , $L_{2} = 4.5$ . For (b), $L_{1} = 3$ , $L_{2} = 4$ .

Figure 3

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Long-term growth through strategic alternation.

Initial conditions are $n_{1} = 0$ , $n_{2} = 2$ , $K = 5$ . Parameters are $A = 1.001$ , $L_{1} = 3$ , $L_{2} = 4$ , $r_{s} = 1000$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ .

Figure 4

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Zoomed-in portion of Figure 5 that shows the mechanism behind the spikes in $n_{1}$ .

When $n_{2}$ is large, switching takes longer, causing a drop in $K$ , and a large increase in $n_{1}$ .

Figure 5

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Long-term growth through strategic alternation, up to $t = 1000$ .

Initial conditions are $n_{1} = 0$ , $n_{2} = 2$ , $K = 5$ . Parameters are $A = 1.001$ , $r_{s} = 1000$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ .

Figure 6

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Survival through periodic alternation under slow habitat change.

Parameters for (a) are $r_{s} = 10000$ , $r_{1} = 10$ , $r_{2} = 100, L_{1} = 3$ , $L_{2} = 3.083$ . For (b), $r_{s} = 100000$ , $r_{1} = 100$ , $r_{2} = 1000, L_{1} = 3$ , $L_{2} = 3.008$ . Shared parameters are $K_{\max} = 20$ , $A = 1.001$ .

Figure 7

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Long-term growth through strategic alternation with a bounded carrying capacity.

Initial conditions are $n_{1} = 0$ , $n_{2} = 2$ , $K = 5$ , shared parameters are $A = 1.001$ . For (a), $K_{\max} = 20$ , $r_{s} = 1000$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ (fast habitat change). For (b), $K_{\max} = 7.5$ , $r_{s} = 10000$ , $r_{1} = 10$ , $r_{2} = 100$ (slow habitat change).

Appendix 1—figure 1

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An example of switching from colonialism to nomadism.

$t_{1}$ marks the start of the switch, $t_{2}$ marks the end. Other parameters are $A = 1.001$ , $r_{s} = 1000$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ .

Appendix 1—figure 2

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An example of switching from nomadism to colonialism.

$t_{1}$ marks the start of the switch, $t_{2}$ marks the end. Other parameters are $A = 1.001$ , $r_{s} = 1000$ , $r_{1} = 1$ , $r_{2} = 10$ .

Additional files

Source code 1 MATLAB code used for the numerical simulation is attached as additional file. This contains all the functions used in the analyses presented in the paper. There are accompanying comments that document the parameters used in the model.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/21673/elife-21673-code1-v4.zip
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Zhi Xuan Tan
Kang Hao Cheong

(2017)

Nomadic-colonial life strategies enable paradoxical survival and growth despite habitat destruction

eLife 6:e21673.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21673

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