Floral thermographs demonstrating the range of floral temperature patterns observed. Colour indicates temperature in °C as indicated on the scale bar to the right of each panel. The flower species …
Species names are at the bottom of each photograph. Note, when using the FLIR E60bx IR camera, the twinned digital and thermal images are taken at slightly different angles and magnification, so …
Panels a and b: how both variants of artificial flowers used in the small (a) and large (a) artificial flower experiments appear. Panels c and d: thermographs of both artificial flower variants in …
When current is applied to these heating elements, the areas above them heat up, as shown in Figure 2.
Panel a: the relationship between bees’ foraging success and experience of the small artificial flowers (flower visits made) during the learning phase. The dotted line indicates the 50% success …
Solid lines indicate the mean foraging success of bees in the previous 10 visits. Error bars represent ±SEM. Colour and label of solid lines and bars correspond with test group: black, the Control …
A summary of the temperature patterns observed on each of the 118 species thermographed, and the additional 18 cultivars and subspecies.
Species are ordered taxonomically. The temperature at the hottest and coldest region of the flower and the difference in temperature between these points is also given. Plants derived from the same species where counted together for occurrence or average temperature difference calculations. Plants not used in the calculations are marked with a ‘*’ next to their Δ temp. value.
Hourly weather data is provided for each hour thermographs were collected.
All weather data was obtained from the nearest Met Office weather station: for Bristol survey days, Filton weather station (51°31'15.6"N 2°34'33.6"W); for Botanic Garden of Wales survey days, Aberporth weather station (52°07'48.0"N 4°32'20.4"W).
Daily weather data for days where sampling took place.
All weather data was obtained from the nearest Met Office weather station: for Bristol survey days, Filton weather station; for Garden of Wales survey days Saron weather station (52°01'N 4°37'W) for daily temperature and rainfall data, Aberporth weather station for all other data.