(A) Schematic of an artificial dura (AD) chamber. A portion of the native dura mater (red) is resected and replaced with a silicone based optically clear artificial dura (AD). The optical clarity of …
(A) Attention task: While the monkey maintained fixation, two oriented Gabor stimuli (schematized as oriented bars) flashed on and off simultaneously at two spatial locations: one at the RF of the …
Orientation tuning plots of single units and multi-unit activity at the different cortical injection sites (two in monkey A, one in monkey C) were fitted with ellipses (least-squares fit). The …
(A) Left panel: example behavioral session showing performance (hit rate) as a function of task difficulty (size of orientation change) for the baseline condition (no optical stimulation). Square …
(A) Change in psychometric function slope due to low-frequency optical stimulation when the monkey was attending in to the site of optical stimulation. The solid line represents the mean of the …
(A) Stimulation at a non-opsin site does not perturb behavior. (B) Stimulation with optical fiber outside the brain (with the opto-physiology chamber closed) does not perturb behavior.
Response of two neurons to presentations of a visual stimulus and simultaneous optical stimulation. The visual stimulus was a 20% contrast Gabor stimulus presented for 200ms. The optical stimulation …
(A) Consistent with earlier reports (Mitchell et al., 2009), attention reduces baseline spike-count correlations at low frequencies (200ms counting window, ; left panel, white versus gray bar) but …
(A) Peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTH) of two example units for the different experimental conditions. Both units show a robust firing rate modulation due to attention (solid versus dashed lines) …
Comparison of spike rates between the optical stimulation conditions (low-frequency: left panels; high-frequency: right panels) and the baseline condition for a 200 ms pre-stimulus period (top …
(A) Phase plots for an example unit showing the distribution of spiking activity with respect to the phase of the low-frequency (5Hz, left) and high-frequency (20Hz, right) optical stimulation. In …
(A) Phase plots showing the distribution of target stimulus onset times with respect to the phase of the low-frequency (5 Hz, left) and high-frequency (20 Hz, right) optical stimulation. Mean ± s.e.m…
Orientation tuning curves for the neuronal population with and without optical stimulation (left panel, low-frequency stimulation condition, units; right panel, high-frequency stimulation …
(A) Responses evoked by the first four non-target stimuli, for trials in which attention was cued to the stimuli appearing at the opsin site. Responses were averaged and normalized for each neuron …
(A) Schematic of neural discriminability analysis. The responses of a hypothetical set of 3 neurons to target (green) and non-target (magenta) stimuli are depicted as point clouds. Each dot …
(A) Schematic of a local conductance-based E-I network with mutually coupled excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) units. A fraction (50%) of the E units are sensitive to 'optical' stimulation. , …
(A)-(B) same as Figure 6A-B. (C) Spike-spike coherence modulation index (SSC MI; see Figure 6D) as a function of varying the self-coupling parameters and , keeping the other two parameters …
(A) Spike-spike coherence modulation index (SSC MI; see Figure 6D) as a function of varying the cross-coupling parameters and , keeping the other two parameters fixed (). (B) SSC MI as a …
The red asterisks mark behavioral sessions where the baseline orientation (orientation of the non-target stimuli) was either horizontal or vertical.