Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates
- University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, France
- Inserm, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- UMRS 975 INSERM, CNRS 7225, UMPC, France
- Inserm, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, France
Figures
Figure 1
Overview of the experimental design, time-line, pre-processing pipeline, and analysis strategy.
Top panel: The same three macaque monkeys (MK1, MK2, MK3) participated in experiments 1 and 2, and a control experiment conducted in the absence of TUS. Three other monkeys (MK4, MK5, MK6) …
Figure 2
Stimulation targets and thermal modelling.
(a) Stimulation target positions in SMA are shown for each of the three individual animals in three different colours on sagittal and coronal views. (b) Estimates of the focused ultrasound peak …
Figure 3 with 1 supplement
Coupling of activity between stimulated areas and the rest of the brain in experiments 1 (SMA) and 2 (FPC).
The left panels show activity coupling between SMA and the rest of the brain in the control state (a), after SMA TUS (b), and after FPC TUS (c). The right panels show activity coupling between FPC …
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Specific patterns of change in the coupling of activity between stimulated areas and the rest of the brain were replicated in experiments 2 and 3.
Panels on the left show activity coupling between SMA and the rest of the brain in the control state (a), after FPC TUS in experiment 2 (b), and after FPC TUS in experiment 3 (in three new animals) …
Figure 4
Differential effect of TUS on coupling of activity between stimulated areas and the rest of the brain in experiments 1 (SMA) and 2 (FPC).
The left panels show activity coupling between SMA and the rest of the brain in the control state (a), the differential effect of SMA TUS for areas positively coupled (z > 0.1) with SMA in the …
Figure 5 with 1 supplement
Connectional fingerprints of the stimulated areas.
Fingerprint target regions were drawn from the literature and chosen based on their known and distinct connectivity, either strong or weak, with the seed region. Activity coupling in the control …
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
TUS did not affect the temporal variability of the BOLD signal.
Whole-brain pattern of the standard deviation of the BOLD signal over time in the control state (top), after SMA TUS (middle), and after FPC TUS (bottom). The temporal standard deviation of the …
Figure 6 with 1 supplement
Non-neuronal signal changes driving widespread coupling.
In fully processed fMRI data, unconfounded by global nuisance sources, effects of TUS were not immediately apparent outside the stimulated areas. (a,d) For example, the whole-brain connectivity …
Figure 6—figure supplement 1
Widespread non-neuronal signal changes were replicated in experiments 2 and 3.
(a) Whole-brain connectivity pattern of area POp, a region removed from the stimulation sites, in the control state without TUS. (d) This region’s connectivity is unaffected by TUS over FPC, …
Figure 7
No effect of TUS was apparent on T1w structural MRI images.
Examination of T1-weighted structural MRI images did not reveal any evidence for oedema after TUS. For two monkeys (top and bottom row, respectively), T1w images were acquired immediately following …
Figure 8
No effect of TUS was apparent on histological examination.
(a) Dorsal view of perfused macaque brain. A post-mortem examination of the brain did not reveal macroscopic damage to the brain. (b) Histological assessment of 50-micron thick sections obtained at …
Additional files
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Transparent reporting form
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40541.014
