Figures and data in A primal role for the vestibular sense in the development of coordinated locomotion

Version of Record: October 8, 2019

Download
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
- Article PDF
- Figures PDF
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
- Mendeley
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
David E Ehrlich

David Schoppik

(2019)
A primal role for the vestibular sense in the development of coordinated locomotion

eLife 8:e45839.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839
- Download BibTeX
- Download .RIS
Cite
Share
CommentOpen annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page).

Figures
Videos
Tables
Additional files

7 figures, 2 videos, 3 tables and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1 with 3 supplements

Download asset Open asset

Larvae climb using bodies and pectoral fins.

(A) Schematic of hydrostatic climbing mechanics. Like a rocket, a larva generates thrust in the direction it points (*top*), enabling it to generate upwards trajectories by rotating upwards to adopt …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.002

Figure 1—figure supplement 1

Download asset Open asset

Larvae tend to sink between bouts.

(A) Schematic of hydrostatic forces acting on larvae absent lift during bouts (*top*) and between bouts (*bottom*). (B) Trajectory as a function of swim speed, plotted as means of equally-sized bins for …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.003

Figure 1—figure supplement 2

Download asset Open asset

Posture as a function of time during bouts by control and finless siblings.

Data from individual bouts (gray lines) and their mean (black) were aligned to peak speed at time 0 and baseline subtracted at −0.75 s. (B) Angular speed as a function of time during bouts (*bottom*), …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.004

Figure 1—figure supplement 3

Download asset Open asset

Basic swimming statistics are unaffected by fin amputation at 1 and 3 wpf.

(**A–D**) Mean maximum speed across bouts (A), mean net displacement (B), mean rate (C), and mean absolute body rotation (D) of swim bouts are plotted as thin lines by clutch (n = 6, eight larvae per) …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.005

Figure 2 with 2 supplements

Download asset Open asset

Development of fin-body coordination.

(A) Schematic of fin-body coordination for climbing. Positive posture changes are paired with positive attack angles and negative body rotations with no attack angle, reflecting exclusion of the …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.008

Figure 2—figure supplement 1

Download asset Open asset

Pectoral fins and bodies grow proportionally.

(A) Grayscale, dorsal-perspective photomicrographs of representative larvae at 1, 2, and 3 wpf, with rostrocaudal axis labeled (**R–C**). Pectoral fins are indicated with arrowhead. Gamma was adjusted …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.009

Figure 2—figure supplement 2

Download asset Open asset

Clutch- and age-specific fin bias.

Attack angle as a function of posture change for individual clutches (columns) at each age (rows), plotted as means of equally-sized bins, superimposed with four parameter sigmoid fits. Empirical …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.010

Figure 3

Download asset Open asset

Fin-body coordination is abolished by peripheral vestibular lesion.

(A) Representative lateral photomicrographs, one of a larva with typical development of utricular (anterior) otoliths (*top*, control: wild-type or heterozygous for *otogelin*) and another of its …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.012

Figure 4

Download asset Open asset

Cerebellar lesion impairs fin-body coordination.

(A) Attack angle as a function of posture change for bouts by control larvae (602 bouts) and siblings with lesioned Purkinje cells (408 bouts). Data plotted as means of equally-sized bins (gray …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.015

Appendix 1—figure 1

Download asset Open asset

A one-parameter control system captures fin-body coordination *in silico*.

(A) Circuit diagram to transform pitch-axis steering commands into climbing swims using the body and pectoral fins. Steering commands are defined by the direction of a target in egocentric …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.018

Appendix 1—figure 2

Download asset Open asset

Effects of fin-body coordination on balance-effort trade-off.

(A) Trajectories (lines) and initial positions (dots) of bouts simulated with the control system in (A) at fin biases of 0, 0.74 ( $\hat{α}$ at 1 wpf), 0.92 ( $\hat{α}$ at 3 wpf), and 1.0, for 1000 larvae swimming …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.019

Appendix 1—figure 3

Download asset Open asset

Steering cost functions computed from various formulations of effort.

(A) Cost as a function of fin bias for $β$ (balance weights) of 0 (ochre, composed solely of effort), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 (green), for effort computed as the sum of absolute motor commands. (B) …
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.020

Videos

Video 1

Download asset

posterframe for video — Lateral view of a freely-swimming, two wpf larva producing 4 bouts of upwards motion interleaved by periods of slow sinking.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.006

Video 2

Download asset

Tables

Table 1

Empirical and simulated swimming properties and morphological measurements as a function of age.

Sigmoid parameters refer to the best-fit logistic function to attack angle vs. body rotation (Equation 1), comprising 4 degrees of freedom. $ρ$ : Spearman’s correlation coefficient.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.011

Variable	Unit	4dpf	1wpf	2wpf	3wpf
Mean attack angle	deg	0.87	1.02	4.78	8.11
R² of trajectory and posture	-	0.86	0.91	0.78	0.66
Deviation from horizontal	deg	13.91	14.08	11.91	11.30
Swim bout peak speed	mm/s	11.2	13.6	13.4	14.1
Swim bout duration	s	0.093	0.082	0.087	0.106
Swim bout displacement	mm	1.24	1.29	1.24	1.43
Mean bout posture change	deg	0.10	−0.23	0.24	0.21
Standard deviation of bout posture change	deg	2.21	1.84	1.84	2.10
$ρ$ of attack angle and body rotation	-	0.305	0.269	0.379	0.368
Proportion of climbs with trajectory > 20°	-	0.26	0.30	0.34	0.43
Body length	mm	4.18	4.26	5.57	7.92
Pectoral fin length	mm	0.41	0.42	0.61	0.90
Fin distance anterior to COM	mm	0.27	0.22	0.27	0.44
Sigmoid amplitude $γ_{m a x}$	deg	19.28	15.71	14.30	18.79
Sigmoid vertical location, $γ_{0}$	deg	−3.00	−1.59	−3.72	−3.56
Sigmoid horizontal location, $r_{r e s t}$	deg	−0.77	−0.42	−1.75	−1.51
Sigmoid slope, $k \cdot γ_{m a x} / 4$	-	2.76	2.89	7.03	12.01
Goodness-of-fit (R²) for 4-parameter sigmoid ( $k, γ_{m a x}, γ_{0}, r_{r e s t}$ )	-	0.195	0.115	0.113	0.087
Goodness-of-fit (R²) for 1-parameter sigmoid ( $k$ )	-	0.193	0.109	0.092	0.086
Empirical fin bias, $\hat{α}$	-	0.73	0.74	0.88	0.92
Balance weight in cost function, β	-	0.12	0.12	0.18	0.32

Table 2

Morphology of otog-/- larvae and control siblings (otog+/- and otog+/+ with utricles).

Data listed as mean ± S.D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.013

Variable	Unit	Otog-/-	Control
Body length	mm	4.52 ± 0.32	4.53 ± 0.23
Pectoral fin length	mm	0.43 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.04
Pectoral fin length	% body length	9.6 ± 0.6	9.3 ± 0.8

Table 3

Swim bout properties for otog-/- and Tg(aldoca:GFF);Tg(UAS:KillerRed) larvae.

Data listed as mean ± S.D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.45839.014

Variable	Unit	Otog-/-, no utricle	Utricle control	Aldoca::KR lesioned	Aldoca::KR control
Maximum linear speed	mm·s⁻¹	12.4 ± 4.5	12.0 ± 4.3	10.7 ± 4.3	12.7 ± 4.5
Duration	s	0.084 ± 0.034	0.079 ± 0.033	0.109 ± 0.070	0.120 ± 0.051
Displacement	mm	1.23 ± 0.61	1.13 ± 0.54	1.25 ± 0.75	1.62 ± 0.71
Maximal pitch-axis angular speed	deg·s⁻¹	98.7 ± 73.0	90.1 ± 69.0	84.4 ± 54.0	100.6 ± 61.4
Inter-bout interval	s	1.22 ± 1.37	1.09 ± 1.03	2.09 ± 2.30	2.12 ± 2.80