Estimating effectiveness of case-area targeted response interventions against cholera in Haiti
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haiti
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Biostatistics and ICT, France
- United Nations Children's Fund, Haiti
- Service de Santé des Armées, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, France
- APHM, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, Hôpital Européen, SESSTIM, France
Abstract
Case-area targeted interventions (CATIs) against cholera are conducted by rapid response teams, and may include various activities like water, sanitation, hygiene measures. However, their real-world effectiveness has never been established. We conducted a retrospective observational study in 2015-2017 in the Centre department of Haiti. Using cholera cases, stool cultures and CATI records, we identified 238 outbreaks that were responded to. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that a prompt response could reduce the number of accumulated cases by 76% (95% confidence interval, 59 to 86) and the outbreak duration by 61% (41 to 75) when compared to a delayed response. An intense response could reduce the number of accumulated cases by 59% (11 to 81) and the outbreak duration by 73% (49 to 86) when compared to a weaker response. These results suggest that prompt and repeated CATIs were significantly effective at mitigating and shortening cholera outbreaks in Haiti.
Data availability
Data generated or analysed during this study are included in the manuscript and supporting files.Source data files have been provided for Figures 1 and 4.
Article and author information
Author details
Stanislas Rebaudet
Funding
UNICEF
- Samuel Beaulieu
- Gregory Bulit
- Stanislas Rebaudet
Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Marseille
- Stanislas Rebaudet
Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris
- Renaud Piarroux
The funders of this study (UNICEF, APHM, APHP) had staff (co-authors of this manuscript) who had a role in data collection, analyses and writing of the report. However, the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Ethics
Human subjects: All analyses retrospectively included routinely collected cholera surveillance and control data. The study protocol received authorization #1718-24 from the National Bioethics Committee of Haiti MSPP. The study only analysed anonymised data. Informed consent from patients and from people who benefited from a response intervention was therefore not required for this study.
Copyright
© 2019, Michel et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Estimating effectiveness of case-area targeted response interventions against cholera in Haiti
eLife 8:e50243.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.50243
Further reading
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- Epidemiology and Global Health
Background:
The associations of age at diagnosis of breast cancer with incident myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF) remain unexamined. Addressing this problem could promote understanding of the cardiovascular impact of breast cancer.
Methods:
Data were obtained from the UK Biobank. Information on the diagnosis of breast cancer, MI, and HF was collected at baseline and follow-ups (median = 12.8 years). The propensity score matching method and Cox proportional hazards models were employed.
Results:
A total of 251,277 female participants (mean age: 56.8 ± 8.0 years), of whom 16,241 had breast cancer, were included. Among breast cancer participants, younger age at diagnosis (per 10-year decrease) was significantly associated with elevated risks of MI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.56, p<0.001) and HF (HR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.18–1.46, p<0.001). After propensity score matching, breast cancer patients with younger diagnosis age had significantly higher risks of MI and HF than controls without breast cancer.
Conclusions:
Younger age at diagnosis of breast cancer was associated with higher risks of incident MI and HF, underscoring the necessity to pay additional attention to the cardiovascular health of breast cancer patients diagnosed at younger age to conduct timely interventions to attenuate the subsequent risks of incident cardiovascular diseases.
Funding:
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373665 and 81974490), the Nonprofit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021-RC330-001), and the 2022 China Medical Board-open competition research grant (22-466).
