1. Developmental Biology

Fatty acid β-oxidation is required for the differentiation of larval hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila

  1. Satish Kumar Tiwari
  2. Ashish Ganeshlalji Toshniwal
  3. Sudip Mandal
  4. Lolitika Mandal  Is a corresponding author
  1. Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, India
  2. Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, India
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.53247
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Cite this article
  1. Satish Kumar Tiwari
  2. Ashish Ganeshlalji Toshniwal
  3. Sudip Mandal
  4. Lolitika Mandal
(2020)
Fatty acid β-oxidation is required for the differentiation of larval hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila
eLife 9:e53247.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.53247
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  3. Download .RIS
16 figures, 1 video, 1 table and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1 with 2 supplements
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FAO genes are expressed in hemocyte progenitors of lymph gland.

Age and genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–A') Model of lymph gland of third early and third late instar stages depicting anterior primary lobes and posterior lobes. (A’). …

Figure 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 1D and G.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
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Temporal analysis of pre-progenitors in the lymph gland and mitochondrial analysis in Dome+ progenitors.

Age and genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–B) Expression of Pvf2 in Dome- pre-progenitors in third early instar lymph gland (A) late third instar lymph glands lack Pvf2 …

Figure 1—figure supplement 2
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FAO components are expressed in hemocyte progenitor subpopulations in the lymph gland.

Age and genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–A'') LipidTOX labeling neutral lipids in Pvf2+ pre-progenitors in the early third instar lymph gland. (B–B''). LipidTOX labeling …

Figure 1—figure supplement 2—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 1—figure supplement 2C and F.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig1-figsupp2-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 2 with 2 supplements
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Loss of fatty acid β-oxidation affected differentiation of hemocyte progenitors of the lymph gland.

(A) Schematic representation of fatty acid β-oxidation within the mitochondria of a cell. (B–D) Compared to control (B) decrease in differentiation (red, reported by P1 immunostaining) and increment …

Figure 2—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 2D,G and X.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig2-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
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Fatty acid β-oxidation is essential for lymph gland progenitor differentiation.

(A) Quantitative analysis of results from Figure 2H–I''. p-Value for progenitors of dome-GAL4, UAS-GFP; whd1/whd1 = 5.7×10−14 compared to control. p-Value for Intermediate progenitors of dome-GAL4, …

Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,B,C,G,M and Q.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
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Model depicting the posible role of Hnf4 and FAO in hemocyte progenitor differentiation.

Hnf4 is a transcription factor implicated in mobilization of fatty acids and its oxidation in Drosophila. Hnf4 as well as members of FAO expresses in the hemocyte progenitors, loss of either one of …

Figure 3 with 1 supplement
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Loss of fatty acid β-oxidation causes an increase in proliferation of hemocyte progenitors of the lymph gland primary lobe.

Genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–C) The difference in proliferation status (reported by EdU incorporation) in the lymph gland of third late instar control larvae (A–A') …

Figure 3—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 3C,Dʹ, Eʹ and F.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig3-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
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Loss of fatty acid β-oxidation caused higher redox levels and an increase in maintenance factor of hemocyte progenitors of the lymph gland.

Genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–C) Elevated levels of Ci155 in the lymph gland of whd1 homozygous mutants (B) compared to control (A). (A'' and B''): Heat map is …

Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 3—figure supplement 1C and F.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 4 with 1 supplement
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FAO upregulation results in precocious differentiation and G2 arrest in hemocyte progenitors.

Age and genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–C) Comparison of differentiation (marked by P1) levels in dome > GFP lymph gland of control (A) and L-carnitine supplemented (B) …

Figure 4—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 4C,F,K,N,Oʹ, Pʹ, and Q.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig4-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 4—figure supplement 1
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L-carnitine supplementation rescues differentiation defect.

Age and genotype of the larvae are mentioned in respective panels. (A–E) Status of progenitors (dome > GFP) and differentiated hemocytes P1 in control (A), whd1 homozygous (B), whd1 heterozygous (C) …

Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 4—figure supplement 1E.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 5 with 1 supplement
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FAO loss in hemocyte progenitors led to sustained glycolysis.

(A) ATP levels in control and whd1/whd1 whole larvae. p-Value of whd1/whd1compared to control = 5.327×10−2. (B–D) Glucose incorporation (marked by 2-NBDG uptake) levels in control dome-MESO-EBFP2/+ …

Figure 5—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 5A,D,G,H,M and R.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig5-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
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2-NBDG assay in the lymph gland primary lobe.

(A–B) Glucose incorporation (marked by 2-NBDG uptake) levels in control dome-MESO-EBFP2/+; Hml-DsRed lymph glands (A–A'''). (B) Quantitative analysis of results from A–A'''. p-Value for IPs = 3.64×10…

Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 5—figure supplement 1B.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 6 with 1 supplement
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Hemocyte progenitors of HAT and FAO loss of function exhibits altered histone acetylation.

(A–H) Comparison of differentiation (marked by P1) levels in dome > GFP lymph gland of control (A) with progenitor-specific downregulation of (B) chm, (C) Gcn5, (D) AcCoAS and (E) whd1/whd1, (F) …

Figure 6—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 6H,J,L,N and P.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig6-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 6—figure supplement 1
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Hemocyte progenitors of whd1 loss of function exhibit altered histone acetylation.

(A–D) Clonal analysis of histone acetylation in GFP-positive hsFlp/Ay-GAL4 based mock clonal patches and immunostaining with H3K9 acetylation (A–A''') and H4 pan acetylation (B–B''') antibodies. (B).…

Figure 6—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 6—figure supplement 1B,D,G,J and M.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig6-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 7
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Acetate supplementation rescues differentiation defects of FAO mutant hemocyte progenitors.

(A–E) Comparison of differentiation (marked by P1) levels in dome > GFP lymph gland of control (A) dome > GFP supplemented with acetate (B) dome > GFP; whd1/whd1 (C) and dome > GFP; whd1/whd1 …

Figure 7—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 7E,G,L,O and Q.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig7-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 8 with 1 supplement
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JNK regulates FAO in hemocyte progenitors of larval lymph gland.

(A–C) Comparison of differentiation (marked by P1) levels in dome > GFP lymph gland of control (A), and bsk/JNK knockdown in hemocyte progenitors by dome-GAL4, UAS-GFP; tubGAL80ts20 > UAS-bskDN (B). …

Figure 8—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 8C,H,I,K,M,O,T and Y.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig8-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 8—figure supplement 1
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JNK regulates FAO in hemocyte progenitors of the larval lymph gland.

(A–B''') Clonal analysis of histone acetylation in GFP-positive hsFlp/Ay-GAL4-based clonal patches expressing the dominant-negative form of bsk and immunostaining with H3K9 acetylation (A–A''') and …

Figure 8—figure supplement 1—source data 1

Contains numerical data plotted in Figure 8—figure supplement 1E,H,K and P.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/53247/elife-53247-fig8-figsupp1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 9
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The regulation of FAO by JNK is critical for differentiation.

ROS-JNK link has been previously shown to be essential for differentiation (Owusu-Ansah and Banerjee, 2009). The G2-M arrested hemocyte progenitors employ β-oxidation for their differentiation. …

Author response image 1
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Author response image 2
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CG3902 YFP.

Five optical sections of 1µm thickness from the middle of the Z stack (No. 9-13) were merged into a single section for this panel.

Author response image 3
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LipidTOX.

Five optical sections of 1µm thickness from the middle of the Z stack (No. 7-11) were merged into a single section for this panel.

Author response image 4
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Nile Red.

Five optical sections of 1µm thickness from the middle of the Z stack (No. 10-14) were merged into a single section for this panel.

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Videos

Video 1
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Mitochondrial distribution in the progenitors (red, Dome+) visualized by UAS-mito-HA-GFP.

Tables

Key resources table
Reagent type
(species) or resource		DesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional
information
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)domeFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0043903
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)HmlFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0029167
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)Tep4Flybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0031888
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)CG3902Flybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0036824
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)MtpαFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0041180
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)MtpβFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0025352
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)whdFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0261862
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)Hnf4Flybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0041180
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)chmFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0028387
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)Gcn5Flybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0020388
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)AcCoASFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0012034
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)Glut1Flybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0264574
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)ATPCLFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0020236
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)seaFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0037912
Gene (Drosophila melanogaster)bskFlybase:FB2020_01FLYB:FBgn
0000229
Genetic reagent(Drosophila melanogaster)dome-GAL4BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:81010; FLYB:FBti0022298; RRID:BDSC_81010FlyBase symbol: P{GawB}domePG14
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Hml-dsRed.ΔMakhijani et al., 2011FLYB:FBgn
0041180		FlyBase symbol: P{Hml-dsRed.Δ}
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)HmlΔ-GAL4Sinenko and Mathey-Prevot, 2004FLYB: FBgn
0040877		FlyBase symbol: P{Hml-GAL4.Δ}
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Pvf2-lacZChoi et al., 2008FLYB:FBtp0052107FlyBase symbol: P{Pvf2-lacZ.C}
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)TepIV-GAL4Kyoto Stock CenterDGGR:105442;
FLYB:FBti0037434;
RRID:DGGR_105442		FlyBase symbol: P{GawB}NP7379
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)CG3902-YFPKyoto Stock CenterDGGR:115356;
FLYB:FBti0143519;
RRID:DGGR_115356		FlyBase symbol: PBac{566 .P.SVS-1}CG3902CPTI100004
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Mtpα[KO]Kyoto Stock CenterDGGR:116261;
FLYB:FBal0267653;
RRID:DGGR_116261		FlyBase symbol: MtpαKO
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Mtpβ[KO]Kyoto Stock CenterDGGR:116262;
FLYB:FBal0267654;
RRID:DGGR_116262		FlyBase symbol: MtpβKO
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-whd RNAi [KK]ViennaDrosophila RNAi CenterVDRC:v105400;
FLYB:FBti0116709;
RRID:FlyBase_FBst0477227		FlyBase symbol: P{KK100935}VIE-260B
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)OreRBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:5; FLYB:FBsn0000277; RRID:BDSC_5FlyBase symbol: Oregon-R-C
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)w[1118]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:3605; FLYB:FBal0018186;RRID:BDSC_3605FlyBase symbol: w1118
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-Hnf4.miRNABloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:44398; FLYB:FBti0152533;RRID:BDSC_44398FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-Hnf4.miRNA}attP16
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-whd RNAiBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:34066; FLYB:FBal0263076; RRID:BDSC_34066FlyBase symbol: whdHMS00040
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-FOXO.PBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:9575; FLYB:FBtp0017636; RRID:BDSC_9575FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-foxo.P}
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Hnf4-GAL4BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:47618; FLYB:FBti0136396; RRID:BDSC_47618FlyBase symbol: P{GMR50A12-GAL4}attP2
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-FUCCIBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:55121; RRID:BDSC_55121FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-GFP.E2f1.1–230}32; P{UAS-mRFP1.NLS.CycB.1–266}19
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-mito-HA-GFPBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:8442; FLYB:FBti0040803; RRID:BDSC_8442FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-mito-HA-GFP.AP}2
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-chm RNAiBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:27027; FLYB:FBal0220716; RRID:BDSC_27027FlyBase symbol: chmJF02348
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-Gcn5 RNAiBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:33981; FLYB:FBal0257611; RRID:BDSC_33981FlyBase symbol: Gcn5HMS00941
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-AcCoAS RNAiBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:41917; FLYB:FBal0279313; RRID:BDSC_41917FlyBase symbol: AcCoASHMS02314
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-Glut1RNAiBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:28645; FLYB:FBal0239561; RRID:BDSC_28645FlyBase symbol: Glut1JF03060
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)ATPCL[01466]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:11055; FLYB:FBal0007976; RRID:BDSC_11055FlyBase symbol: ATPCL01466
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)sea[EP3364]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:17118; FLYB:FBal0131420; RRID:BDSC_17118FlyBase symbol: seaEP3364
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-bsk[DN]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:6409;
FLYB:FBti0021048; RRID:BDSC_6409		FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-bsk.DN}2
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-mCD8::GFPBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:5137; FLYB:FBti0180511; RRID:BDSC_5137FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-mCD8::GFP.L}2
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)UAS-mCD8::RFPBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:27400; FLYB:FBti0115747; RRID:BDSC_27400FlyBase symbol: P{UAS-mCD8.mRFP.LG}28a
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)U-6;sgRNA-whd-KOBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:77066; FLYB:FBal0335953; RRID:BDSC_77066FlyBase symbol: whdTKO.GS00854
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)U-6;sgRNA-whd-OEBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:68139; FLYB:FBal0337690; RRID:BDSC_68139FlyBase symbol: whdTOE.GS00536
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)whd[1]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:441; FLYB:FBal0018515; RRID:BDSC_441FlyBase symbol: whd1
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Hnf4[Δ33]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:43634; FLYB:FBal0240651; RRID:BDSC_43634FlyBase symbol: Hnf4Δ33
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Hnf4[Δ17]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:44218; FLYB:FBal0240650; RRID:BDSC_44218FlyBase symbol: Hnf4Δ17
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)tubGAL80[ts20]BloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:7109; FLYB:FBti0027796; RRID:BDSC_7109FlyBase symbol: P{tubP-GAL80ts}20
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)hsFlpBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:1929; FLYB:FBti0000784; RRID:BDSC_1929FlyBase symbol: P{hsFLP}12
Genetic reagent (Drosophila melanogaster)Ay-GAL4, UAS-GFPBloomingtonDrosophilaStock CenterBDSC:4411; FLYB:FBti0012290;FBti0003040RRID:BDSC_4411FlyBase symbol: P{AyGAL4}25; P{UAS-GFP.S65T}Myo31DFT2
Antibodyanti-P1 (Mouse monoclonal)Kurucz et al., 2007Cat# NimC1, RRID:AB_2568423IF(1:50)
Antibodyanti-Pxn (Mouse)Nelson et al., 1994IF(1:400)
Antibodyanti-proPO (Rabbit polyclonal)Jiang et al., 1997IF(1:1000)
Antibodyanti-DE-cadherin (Rat polyclonal)Developmental Studies Hybridoma BankCat# DE-cad, RRID:AB_2314298IF(1:50)
Antibodyanti-Ci155(Rat polyclonal)Developmental Studies Hybridoma BankCat# 2A1,
RRID:AB_2109711		IF(1:2)
Antibodyanti-GFP (Rabbit polyclonal)InvitrogenCat# A-11122,
RRID:AB_221569		IF(1:100)
Antibodyanti-H3 (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologiesCat# 9927,
RRID:AB_330200		IF(1:400), WB(1:1000)
Antibodyanti-H3K9 acetylation (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologiesCat# 9927,
RRID:AB_330200		IF(1:300), WB(1:1000)
Antibodyanti-H4 pan acetylation (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell Signaling TechnologiesCat# 06–598,
RRID:AB_2295074		IF(1:500)
Chemical compound, drugSodium butyrateEMD Millipore19–137
Chemical compound, drugNicotinamideSigma-Aldrich72345
Chemical compound, drugEtomoxirCayman ChemicalsCay119695 µM
Chemical compound, drugMildronateCayman ChemicalsCay15997100 µM
Chemical compound, drugL-carnitine hydrochlorideSigma-AldrichC0283100 mM
Chemical compound, drug2-DGSigma-AldrichD8375100 mM
Chemical compound, drugSodium acetateSigma-Aldrich7119650 mM
Chemical compound, drug2-NBDGInvitrogenN131950.25 mM
Chemical compound, drugLipidTOXMolecular ProbesH344771:1000
Chemical compound, drugStreptavidin-Cy3Molecular ProbesSA10101:200
Chemical compound, drugNile redMolecular ProbesN11420.5 ug/mL
Chemical compound, drugDHE (Dihydroxy Ethidium)Molecular ProbesD113470.3 µM
Sequence-based reagentPfk_FThis paperPCR primersATCGTATTTTGGCTTGCCGC
Sequence-based reagentPfk_RThis paperPCR primersCCAGAGAGATGACCACTGGC
Sequence-based reagentHex_FThis paperPCR primersCTGCTTCTAACGGACGAACAG
Sequence-based reagentHex_RThis paperPCR primersGCCTTGGGATGTGTATCCTTGG
Sequence-based reagentwhd_FThis paperPCR primersGGCCAATGTGATTTCCCTGC
Sequence-based reagentwhd_RThis paperPCR primersTGCCCTGAACCATGATAGGC
Sequence-based reagentAct5C_FThis paperPCR primersACACATTTTGTAAGATTTGGTGTGT
Sequence-based reagentAct5C_RThis paperPCR primersCCGTTTGAGTTGTGCTGT
Sequence-based reagentMcad_FThis paperPCR primersGGCCTGGATCTCGATGTGTT
Sequence-based reagentMcad_RThis paperPCR primersGATCACAGGAGTTTGGCCCAG
Sequence-based reagentMtpα_FThis paperPCR primersATCACTGTTGGTGACGGACC
Sequence-based reagentMtpα_RThis paperPCR primersCTGCAGCAGTCTGATGGCTT
Sequence-based reagentscully_FThis paperPCR primersGATCAAGAACGCCGTTTCCC
Sequence-based reagentscully_RThis paperPCR primersCAGATCGGCCAGGATCACG
Sequence-based reagentMtpβ_FThis paperPCR primersCAGGCACTCGCTTTTGTCAT
Sequence-based reagentMtpβ_RThis paperPCR primersCCTGGCAATGTTGGAGGTCT
Sequence-based reagentyip2_FThis paperPCR primersTCTGCCGCAACCAAAGGTAT
Sequence-based reagentyip2_RThis paperPCR primersTTAAGACCGGCAGCATCCAG
Software, algorithmFijiFijiRRID:SCR_002285
Software, algorithmPhotoshop CCAdobeRRID:SCR_014199
Software, algorithmImarisBitplaneRRID:SCR_007370
Commercial assay or kitClick-iT EdU plus (DNA replication kit)InvitrogenC10639
Commercial assay or kitATP bioluminescence kit HSIISigma11699709001
Commercial assay or kitHistone extraction kitAbcamab113476
Commercial assay or kitRNAeasy Mini KitQiagen74104

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