1. Neuroscience

TrpML-mediated astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients regulate astrocyte–tracheal interactions

  1. Zhiguo Ma  Is a corresponding author
  2. Marc R Freeman  Is a corresponding author
  1. Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, United States
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58952
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Cite this article
  1. Zhiguo Ma
  2. Marc R Freeman
(2020)
TrpML-mediated astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients regulate astrocyte–tracheal interactions
eLife 9:e58952.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58952
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5 figures, 1 table and 2 additional files

Figures

Figure 1 with 3 supplements
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Characterization of microdomain Ca2+ transients in Drosophila astrocytes.

(A) Schematic of larval CNS (white area, neuropil; gray, cortex). An imaging area showing membrane tethered myr-GCaMP5a (green) in astrocytes, in which microdomain Ca2+ transients during 6 min were maximally projected. Traces of 8 individual ROIs microdomains (right, a–h) are shown over the entire 6 min window. Pseudocolor grayscale of Ca2+ signals (bottom left), grayscale values ranging from 0 to 255 (scale bars, 20 µm). Representative time-lapse images (bottom right) of two indicated microdomain Ca2+ transients in 2 ROIs (1, 2). (B) Superimposed traces of individual microdomain Ca2+ transients and an average with its full width at half maximum (FWHM, mean ± SD). (C) Histogram showing the distribution of recurrent microdomain Ca2+ transients at same ROIs. (D) Responses of microdomain Ca2+ transients to tetrodotoxin, 0 extracellular Ca2+ and LaCl3 (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). (E) 2-color Ca2+ imaging in neighboring astrocytes. In presence of the flippase repo-FLP, myr-GCaMP5a expressing astrocytes switch to express myr-R-GECO1, resulting in 3 types of astrocytes: myr-GCaMP5a+ (green), myr-R-GECO1+ (red), expressing both indicators (orange) (scale bar, 20 µm). Quantification is from Ca2+ imaging of myr-GCaMP5a and myr-R-GECO1 that were exclusively expressed in adjacent astrocytes (n = 3, unpaired t-test). Time-lapse images and superimposed traces of representative microdomain Ca2+ transients at two juxtaposed ROIs between myr-GCaMP5a and myr-R-GECO1 expressing astrocytes. See source data Figure 1—source data 1.

Figure 1—source data 1

Characterization of microdomain Ca2+ transients in Drosophila astrocytes.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig1-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
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Spontaneous astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients in larvae.

(A) Astrocytes expressing myr-GCaMP5a in the ventral nerve cord of 1st instar larvae. Traces of 8 representative microdomain Ca2+ transients. (B) Superimposed traces of individual microdomain Ca2+ transients and an average showing its full width at half maximum (FWHM, mean ± SD). (C) Schematic of inducing 2-color Ca2+ indicators mosaic expression in neighboring astrocytes (green, red, orange). (D) Two representative microdomain Ca2+ transients in dual-labeled myr-GCaMP5a/myr-R-GECO1 astrocytes. Note that both myr-GCaMP5a and myr-R-GECO1 exhibit similar dynamics in the same astrocyte.

Figure 1—video 1
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Microdomain Ca2+ transients in acutely dissected CNS preparations from wildtype 3rd instar (L3) larva.
Figure 1—video 2
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Microdomain Ca2+ transients in intact CNS preparation from wildtype 1st instar larva.
Figure 2 with 4 supplements
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Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients are genetically distinct from soma transients and require TrpML.

(A) Responses of microdomain Ca2+ transients (frequency) to glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine (Ach), γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba), tyramine (Tyr), octopamine (Oct) in presence of tetrodotoxin. (B) Effect of tyramine on Ca2+ transient frequency in genotypes indicated. Oct-TyrR mutants, and astrocyte-specific (alrm>) expression of RNAis to TyrR or TyrRII (in A and B, n = 6, mean ± SEM, paired t-test). (C) Quantification of microdomain Ca2+ transients in Tdc2RO54, TβhnM18 or Oct-TyrRhono mutants (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). (D) Maximally projected astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients during 6 min in control, trpml1 mutants, and astrocyte-specific trpmlRNAi (in pseudocolor, grayscale values ranging from 0 to 255. scale bar, 20 µm). Quantification of microdomain Ca2+ transients in mutants (loss-of-function mutations or astrocyte-specific RNAi driven by alrm-Gal4) of genes encoding TRP family ion channels (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). (E) trpml-myc expression in astrocytes rescues microdomain Ca2+ transients in trpml1 mutants (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). (F) Effect of tyramine treatment on controls and trpml1 mutants (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA. within groups, paired t-test). Right panel, increase in transients by tyramine (subtracting the basal included) in control and trpml1 mutants. (G) Application of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or H2O2 to the larval CNS. (for F and G n = 6, mean ± SEM, across groups, one-way ANOVA; within groups, paired t-test; -, + indicate pre-, post-delivery). (H) H2O2 application to control and trpml mutants shows that H2O2-dependent increases require TrpML. See source data Figure 2—source data 1.

Figure 2—source data 1

Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients require TrpML.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig2-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 2—source data 2

Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients are genetically distinct from soma transients and require TrpML.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig2-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
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Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients require TrpML.

(A) Quantification of microdomain Ca2+ transients in intact control and trpml1 mutant larvae at 1st instar stage (n = 6, mean ± SEM, t-test). (B) Average amplitude of microdomain Ca2+ transients in genotypes as indicated (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). (C) Tyramine- induced soma Ca2+ rise measured in GCaMP6s intensity (n = 70–73 cells from six larval CNS in each genotype, mean ± SEM, t-test). (D) Gross astrocyte morphology in control and trpml1. (E) trpml1 mutant larvae with trpml-myc expression in astrocytes survived to adulthood (n = 3, each n contains 20–40 larvae, mean ± SEM, t-test). (F) Double-labeling TrpML-MYC with a marker for cell membrane (mCD8-GFP) or lysosomes (GFP-Lamp1). Dash lines, cell bodies. Arrows, TrpML-MYC/GFP-Lamp1 colocalization. See source data Figure 2—source data 2.

Figure 2—video 1
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Microdomain Ca2+ transients in acutely dissected CNS preparations from trpml mutant 3rd instar (L3) larva.
Figure 2—video 2
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Microdomain Ca2+ transients pre/post H2O2 treatment in wild type 3rd instar (L3) larva.
Figure 2—video 3
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Microdomain Ca2+ transients pre/post H2O2 treatment in trpml1 mutant 3rd instar (L3) larva.
Figure 3 with 2 supplements
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Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients are associated with tracheal branches and precede retraction onset of tracheal filopodia.

(A) Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients (green) overlap with tracheal branches (red) (scale bar, 20 µm). (B) Tracheal branches extend and retract F-actin containing filopodia. Asterisks, myr-tdTomato labeled filopodia; Arrows, Lifeact-GFP labeled F-actin (scale bar, 10 µm). (C) Categorization of tracheal filopodia across the entire population (extension, retraction, extension and retraction, or stationary). w/Ca2+ indicates tracheal filopodia extended into an astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transient; w/o Ca2+ indicates no visible astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transient was observed. (D) Time-lapse images and superimposed traces (green trace, myr-GCaMP5a in astrocytes expressed as dF/F0; red trace, myr-tdTomato in tracheal filopodia expressed as length) of 3 pairs (p1, p2, p3) of tracheal filopodia and astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients (in pseudocolor, grayscale values ranging from 0 to 255. scale bar, 10 µm). Vertical dash lines, timepoints when tracheal filopodia enter astrocyte Ca2+ microdomains. Blue boxes, time windows astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients persist after tracheal filopodia enter. Note that prior to entering the astrocyte Ca2+ microdomain, tracheal filopodial extension is not coupled to increases in astrocyte Ca2+, but after entry, increased astrocyte Ca2+ is strongly correlated with tracheal filopodial retraction. (E) Temporal correlation between onset of filopodia retraction and timing of peak astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients in seconds (n = 61 filopodia from Extension and Retraction pool). (F) Time intervals between astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients and tracheal filopodial extension versus retraction. See source data Figure 3—source data 1.

Figure 3—source data 1

Distribution of microtubules and F-actin in larval CNS tracheal elements.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig3-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 3—source data 2

Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients are associated with tracheal branches and precede retraction onset of tracheal filopodia. hea.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig3-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
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Distribution of microtubules and F-actin in larval CNS trachea.

(A) Microtubules (aTub-GFP) were present in major tracheal branches and a few filopodia (arrow), but the majority of filopodia were unlabeled (asterisks). F-actin (Lifeact-GFP) was found to be present in all tracheal membrane protrusions (e.g. dash boxes). (B) Two more examples of the associated microdomain-tracheal filopodia retraction events. Note that tracheal filopodia (arrows) entered microdomains that reached their peak (dash lines). (C) Distribution of onset of filopodial extension or retraction events relative to astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ peaks. Compared to retraction onset, the onset of extension time is more broadly distributed relative to the peak astrocyte Ca2+ signal. (D) Tracheal dynamics do not correlate with astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients that occur at a distance. A circle with a 7.5 µm radius was drawn around filopodial tips, and we attempted to correlate the onset of tracheal extension or retraction with astrocyte Ca2+ signals. We found a lack of correlation. See source data Figure 3—figure supplement 1, Figure 3—source data 2.

Figure 3—video 1
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Microdomain Ca2+ transients and tracheal filopodial dynamics in wildtype L3 CNS preparation, related to Figure 3D.
Figure 4 with 1 supplement
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Loss of TrpML leads to overgrowth of trachea and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larval CNS.

(A) Quantification of average filopodial retraction and extension rates, and maximal length of tracheal filopodia (n indicate the number of filopodia randomly selected from 6 to 8 larval CNS, mean ± SEM, t-test). (B) Comparison of changes in extension/retraction ratios after bath application of tyramine in control and trpml1 mutants (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA across groups; within groups, paired t-test). (C) In control, one tracheal branch (labeled with btl >myr::tdTom, arrowhead) near the LON (Brp, blue) grows short filopodia (arrows) into the LON. In trpml1, two transverse tracheal branches grow near the LON, and they exhibit increases in filopodial extension into the LON (n = 20, mean ± SEM, t-test. scale bar, 10 µm). (D) Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in indicated genotypes. ROS-oxidized DHE forms 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E+) and ethidium (E+). Quantifications to right (n = 6, mean ± SEM, t-test. scale bar, 50 µm). NAC was added 5 min prior to DHE incubation. (E) Proposed model. Astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients are modulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TrpML. Astrocyte Ca2+ signaling can facilitate filopodial retraction if a tracheal filopodium enters a microdomain. Cell cortex underlying membrane or lysosomal localization of TrpML regulates Ca2+ signaling in response to ROS, presumably due to increased O2 delivery, to generate astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients. Tyramine induces increased microdomain Ca2+ transients via TrpML. Loss of astrocyte microdomains resulted from trpml mutation leads to overgrown trachea including filopodia, and increased ROS. See source data Figure 4—source data 1.

Figure 4—source data 1

Loss of TrpML leads to overgrowth of trachea and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larval CNS.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig4-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 4—source data 2

Tracheal branches overgrow in the larval ventral nerve cord of trpml1 mutants.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-fig4-data2-v1.xlsx
Figure 4—figure supplement 1
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Tracheal branches overgrow in the larval ventral nerve cord of trpml1 mutants.

(A) Quantification of average filopodial retraction and extension rates, and maximal length of tracheal filopodia. Trachea is labeled using btl-LexA >LexAop-rCD2RFP (n = 37–69 filopodia randomly selected from six larval CNS in each genotype indicated, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). (B) Tracheal autofluorescence when illuminated with 408 nm laser was used to trace individual branches sprouting from the uniquely identifiable pair of mpgTr (red arrows). The ventral nerve cords are outlined with red dash lines (n = 8–10, mean ± SEM, t-test). (C) Schematic of larval optic neuropil (LON). ap, astrocyte process; tb, tracheal branch; tf, tracheal filopodium. Representative confocal images of larval brains showing the position of LONs (dash boxes). Image represents an 8.1 µm z-projection, covering brain neuropil and LONs (blue) and associated tracheal branches/filopodia. LONs zoomed in Figure 4C. (D) Background fluorescence intensity in DHE staining (n = 6, mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA). See source data Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Figure 4—source data 1.

Author response image 1
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Live imaging of TrpML-GCaMP5G and myr-R-GECO1 in astrocytes in 3rd instar larval brain.

Note the overlap of signals (dotted circle) arguing for some level of TrpML signaling at the membrane.

Tables

Key resources table
Reagent type
(species) or resource		DesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional
information
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpml1Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 28992FlyBase symbol: w1118; Trpml1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpml2Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 42230FlyBase symbol: w*; Trpml2/TM6B, Tb1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpmlJF01239Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 31294FlyBase symbol: y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01239}attP2
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)tyrRJF01878Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 25857FlyBase symbol: y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01878}attP2
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)tyrRIIJF02749Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 27670FlyBase symbol: y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF02749}attP2
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpA11Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 36342FlyBase symbol:
TI{TI}TrpA11
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpm2Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 35527FlyBase symbol: w*; TI{TI}Trpm2/CyO
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)nompC3Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 42258FlyBase symbol: nompC3 cn1 bw1/CyO
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trp1Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 5692FlyBase symbol: trp1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpl302Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 31433FlyBase symbol: cn1 trpl302 bw1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)pkd21Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 24495FlyBase symbol: w1118; Pkd21/CyO
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)trpγJF01244Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 31299FlyBase symbol: y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01244}attP2
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)pyxJF01242Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 31297FlyBase symbol: y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01242}attP2
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)btl-Gal4Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 8807FlyBase symbol:
W*; P{GAL4-btl.S}2, P{UASp-Act5C.T:GFP}2/CyO, P{lacZ.w+}276. UASp-Act5C.T:GFP was replaced with 10XUAS-IVS-myr::tdTomato by recombination in this paper.
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Lifeact-GFPBloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 57326FlyBase symbol: w*; P{UAS-Lifeact.GFP.W}3
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UASp-αTub-GFPBloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 7373FlyBase symbol: w*; P{UASp-GFPS65C-αTub84B}3/TM3, Sb1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)10XUAS-IVS-myr::tdTomatoBloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 32222FlyBase symbol: w*; P{10XUAS-IVS-myr::tdTomato}attP40
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-trpml-mycBloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 57372FlyBase symbol: w*; P{UAS-Trpml.MYC}3, Trpml1/TM6B, Tb1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)5XUAS-trpml-GCaMP5gBloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 80066FlyBase symbol: y1 w*; PBac{5XUAS-Trpml::GCaMP5G}VK00033
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-GFP-Lamp1Bloomington Stock CenterBDSC: 42714FlyBase symbol: w*; P{UAS-GFP-LAMP}2; P{nSyb-GAL4.S}3/T(2;3)TSTL, CyO: TM6B, Tb1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)Oct-TyrRhonoKyoto Stock Center (DGRC)BDSC: 109038FlyBase symbol: w1118; P{lwB}Oct-TyrRhono
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)btl-LexARoy et al., 2014
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)nompC4Walker et al., 2000
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)painless70Im et al., 2015
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)nan36aKim et al., 2003
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)wtrwexKim et al., 2010
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)Tdc2RO54Cole et al., 2005
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)TβhnM18Monastirioti et al., 1996
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)alrm-Gal4Doherty et al., 2009
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)alrm > QF > Gal4Stork et al., 2014
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)repo-FLPaseStork et al., 2014
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)alrm-LexA::GADStork et al., 2014
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-myr::GCaMP5aThis papertransgenic flies harboring UAS-myr::GCaMP5a
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-myr::R-GECO1This papertransgenic flies harboring UAS-myr::R-GECO1
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)QUAS-myr::GCaMP5aThis papertransgenic flies harboring QUAS-myr::GCaMP5a
Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)13XLexAop2-myr::GCaMP6sThis papertransgenic flies harboring 13XLexAop2-myr::GCaMP6s
Antibodymouse monoclonal anti-BrpDSHBCat# nc821:50
Antibodymouse monoclonal anti-c-MycDSHBCat# 9E101:100
Chemical compound, drugtetrodotoxinTocrisCat# 10781 µM
Chemical compound, druglanthanum chlorideSigma-AldrichCat# 2116050.1 mM, 1 mM
Chemical compound, drugacetylcholineSigma-AldrichCat# A66252.5 mM
Chemical compound, drugγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)Sigma-AldrichCat# A21292.5 mM
Chemical compound, drugglutamateSigma-AldrichCat# G16262.5 mM
Chemical compound, drugtyramineSigma-AldrichCat# T903442.5 mM
Chemical compound, drugoctopamineSigma-AldrichCat# O02502.5 mM
Chemical compound, drugN-acetyl cysteineSigma-AldrichCat# A72502.5 mM
Chemical compound, drughydrogen peroxideSigma-AldrichCat# H10090.1 mM
Chemical compound, drughalocarbon oil 27Sigma-AldrichCat# H8773
Chemical compound, drugdihydroethidium (DHE)Sigma-AldrichCat# 30980030 µM
Recombinant DNA reagentpUAST-myr::GCaMP5aThis paperFly germline transformation plasmidGCaMP5a DNA with myristoylation sequence fused at the 5’ end
Recombinant DNA reagentpQUAST-myr::GCaMP5aThis paperFly germline transformation plasmidGCaMP5a DNA with myristoylation sequence fused at the 5’ end
Recombinant DNA reagentpUAST-myr::R-GECO1This paperFly germline transformation plasmidR-GECO1 DNA with myristoylation sequence fused at the 5’ end
Recombinant DNA reagentpJFRC19-13XLexAop2-IVS-myr::GCaMP6sThis paperFly germline transformation plasmidGCaMP6s DNA with myristoylation sequence fused at the 5’ end
Software, algorithmVolocityPerkinElmer, Inchttp://www.perkinelmer.com/lab-products-and-services/cellular-imaging/performing-advanced-image-data-analysis.html
Software, algorithmSlidebookIntelligent Imaging Innovations, Inchttps://www.intelligent-imaging.com/slidebook
Software, algorithmFijiSchindelin et al., 2012https://fiji.sc/
Software, algorithmGraphpad Prism 7GraphPad softwarehttps://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/
Software, algorithmIgor ProWaveMetrics, Inchttps://www.wavemetrics.com/products/igorpro
Software, algorithmAQuAWang et al., 2019https://github.com/yu-lab-vt/AQuA#fiji-plugin; Wang, 2019

Additional files

Source data 1

Manual VS AQuA.

Manual method and AQuA identify comparable amount of microdomain Ca2+ transients.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-data1-v1.xlsx
Transparent reporting form
https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/58952/elife-58952-transrepform-v1.docx

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  1. Zhiguo Ma
  2. Marc R Freeman
(2020)
TrpML-mediated astrocyte microdomain Ca2+ transients regulate astrocyte–tracheal interactions
eLife 9:e58952.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58952