Instability in NAD+ metabolism leads to impaired cardiac mitochondrial function and communication

  1. Knut H Lauritzen  Is a corresponding author
  2. Maria Belland Olsen
  3. Mohammed Shakil Ahmed
  4. Kuan Yang
  5. Johanne Egge Rinholm
  6. Linda H Bergersen
  7. Qin Ying Esbensen
  8. Lars Jansen Sverkeli
  9. Mathias Ziegler
  10. Håvard Attramadal
  11. Bente Halvorsen
  12. Pål Aukrust
  13. Arne Yndestad
  1. Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
  2. Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
  3. Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
  4. Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
  5. Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  6. Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Norway
  7. Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
  8. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Norway
  9. Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
7 figures, 1 table and 6 additional files

Figures

Elevated PARP activity depletes cardiac NAD+ levels and reduces mitochondrial protein deactylation.

(A) Western blot showing PARP levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates. (B) Quantification of PARP levels in western blot. (C) NAD+ levels from heart tissue from wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice measured with HPLC. (D) Western blot of SIRT3 levels in extract of mitochondria isolated from cardiac tissue from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates. (E) Quantification of SIRT3 levels in western blot. (F) Western blot of protein acetylation levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates. (G) Quantification of protein acetylation levels in western blot. (H) Western blot of SOD2 and acetylated SOD2 levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates. (I) Quantification of relative acetylated SOD2 protein levels in western blot. (J) Western blot acetylated protein levels of samples of immunoprecipitated OPA1 from total extract (200 µg protein) of cardiac tissue from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates. (K) Quantification of relative acetylated OPA1 protein levels in western blot. Data is presented as mean ± SE. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. Wt chow. Abbreviations: Wt = Wild-type mice, mU1 = mutUNG1-expressing mice, PARP = poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, CII = mitochondrial complex II, SIRT3 = sirtuin 3, AcK = acetylated lysine, SOD2 = superoxide dismutase 2, PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase, OPA1 = optic atrophy 1, and NAD+ = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Raw data are presented in Source data 1.

Elevation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels through nicotinamide riboside (NR) treatment does not mitigate cardiac hypertrophy in mutUNG1-expressing mice.

NAD+ levels in heart tissue (A) and liver tissue (B) from wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice fed chow with or without NR, measured by HPLC. Weight of (C) heart, (D) left ventricle, and (E) right ventricle of wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice fed chow with or without NR. Echocardiographic measurement of (F) interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole, (G) left ventricular posterior wall thickness, (H) left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole, (I) ejection fraction, (J) fractional shortening, and (J) relative wall thickness at end-diastole in wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice fed chow with or without NR. (C-H) Normalized against tibia length. Data is presented as mean ± SE. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. Wt chow (for C-J, N = Wt; 15, Wt-NR; 17, mU1; 8, mU1-NR; 11). Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Nicotinamde riboside (NR) treatment does not alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction in mutUNG1-expressing mice, but does alter mitochondrial morphology in wild-type mitochondria.

(A and B) Electron microscope images of wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice fed chow with and without NR. (B, ii) Detail of panel from (B) with an Illustration of aligned cristae (yellow) in three neighboring mitochondria (orange, green, and pink) in wild-type cardiac tissue. Electron-dense inter-mitochondrial junctions (IMJs) labeled with red arrowheads. The images are representative of five mice of each genotype and treatment. Scalebar = 1 µM. Analysis by scoring of (C) cristae organization, (D) cristae inter-organelle alignment, and (E) mitochondrial shape/circularity. (F) Quantification of relative IMJ length. Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 4 with 3 supplements
Proteom analyses support structural effects of nicotinamde riboside (NR) treatment on mitochondria.

(A) Proteomic analysis of cardiac mitochondrial extract evaluating the effect of NR supplement in Wt and mutUNG1 mice. Shown are top five members by gene enrichment analysis. The differently regulated proteins (DEPs) included in the gene ontology terms the citric acid (TCAcycle and respiratory electron transport (blue) and mitochondrial organization (green) are shown in the heatmap. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included in both pathways are marked in orange. (B) A simplified illustration modified from Pfanner et al., 2019 including important regulators of the cristae structure. The selection of DEPs is based on the gene enrichment analysis. Analysis is based on data presented in Source data 1.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Protein levels of mitofusin 2 (MFN2), dynamin-related protein (DRP1), and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) in mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates.

(A) Western blot showing MFN2 levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without nicotinamde riboside (NR). (B) Quantification of MFN2 levels in western blot. (C) Western blot showing DRP1 levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without NR. (D) Quantification of DRP1 levels in western blot. (E) Western blot showing PGC-1a levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without NR. (F) Quantification of PGC-1a levels in western blot. Raw data are presented in Source data 3.

Figure 4—figure supplement 2
mtDNA copy numbers.

Rt-PCR analysis of total DNA shows a decrease in mtDNA copy number in mutUNG1-expressing mice compared with wild-type littermates fed chow with or without nicotinamde riboside (NR) (*p=0.048, ***p=0.001, #p=0.45, and ###p=0.00095). Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 4—figure supplement 3
Mitochondrial respiration.

Mitochondrial complex II-driven respiratory capacity in heart homogenates from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without nicotinamde riboside (NR). Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 5 with 4 supplements
Nicotinamde riboside (NR) treatment does not counteract mitochondrial protein acetylation in cardiomyocytes but causes accumulation of nicotinamide.

(A) Western blot of protein acetylation levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without medium dose of NR. (B) Quantification of protein acetylation levels in western blot. (C) Western blot of protein acetylation levels in cardiac mitochondrial extract from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without high dose of NR. (D) Quantification of protein acetylation levels in western blot. Nicotinamide (NAM) levels in heart tissue (E) and liver tissue (F) from wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice fed chow with or without NR, measured with HPLC. Data is presented as mean ± SE. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. Wt chow. #p<0.05 vs. mutUNG1 chow. Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels.

NAD+ levels in liver tissue from wild-type and mutUNG1-expressing mice fed chow with or without high-dose nicotinamde riboside (NR), measured by HPLC. Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 5—figure supplement 2
Protein acetylation levels.

(A) Western blot of protein acetylation levels in liver homogenate from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without high dose of nicotinamde riboside (NR). (B) Quantification of protein acetylation levels in western blot. Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 5—figure supplement 3
Gene expression levels Nampt and Nmat 1–3.

qPCR data from cardiac tissue from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without nicotinamde riboside (NR). Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Figure 5—figure supplement 4
Acetyl CoA levels.

Acetyl CoA levels in cardiac tissue from mutUNG1-expressing mice and wild-type littermates fed chow with or without nicotinamde riboside (NR). Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Increasing doses of nicotinamde riboside (NR) progressively inhibit deacetylation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

(A) Western blot of PARP levels in extract from cells with (mU1) and without (wt) expression of mutUNG1 grown in vitro with or without NR. (B) Quantification of PARP levels in western blot. (C) Western blot of poly:mono-ADP ribose/PARylation levels in cells with (mU1) and without (wt) expression of mutUNG1, treated with PARP inhibitor and/or NR. (D) Quantification of PARylation in western blot. (E) Western blot of protein acetylation levels in total extract in cells with (mU1) and without (wt) expression of mutUNG1, and increasing concentrations of NR. (F) Quantification of protein acetylation levels in western blot. (G) Western blot of acetylation levels in cells with (mU1) and without (wt) expression of mutUNG1, treated with PARP inhibitor and/or NR. (H) Quantification of acetylation in western blot. (I) Western blot of SIRT3 levels in cells with (mU1) and without (wt) expression of mutUNG1, transfected with SIRT3 silencing RNA (siRNA) and scrambled control. (J) Quantification of SIRT3 levels in western blot. (K) Western blot of acetylation levels in cells with (mU1) and without (wt) expression of mutUNG1, transfected with SIRT3 siRNA and scrambled control and NR treatment. (L) Quantification of acetylation in Western blot. Abbreviations: Az=AZD2461/Olaparib, Sc = Scrambled. Raw data are presented in Source data 2.

Illustration of the concept behind effect of loss of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) due to overactive (mt).

DNA damage repair and consequences of nicotinamide (NAM) accumulation in cardiac tissue.

Tables

Key resources table
Reagent type
(species) or
resource
DesignationSource or
reference
IdentifiersAdditional
information
Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)mutUNG1PMID:26055793Dr Knut H Lauritzen (Oslo University Hospital)
Cell line (Homo sapiens)HeLA/ mutUNG1PMID:20065039Cat:631183 RRID:CVCL_V353Stable transfected; HeLa Tet-On 3 G Cell Line
Chemical compound, drugNicotinamide Riboside Chloride (Nigagen)ChromaDexCat:ASB-00014315–15
Chemical compound, drugAZD2461/ OlaparibMerckCat:SML185825 µM
Transfected construct (human)siRNA to SIRT3 (ID:S23766)Thermo Fisher ScientificCat:4392420Transfected construct (human)
Transfected construct (human)siRNA, Negative controlThermo Fisher ScientificCat:AM4635
AntibodyPARP (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:9542 RRID:AB_2160739WB (1:1000)
AntibodySIRT3 (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:5490 RRID:AB_10828246WB (1:1000)
AntibodySDHA (CII) (Mouse monoclonal)AbcamCat:ab14715 RRID:AB_301433WB (1:5000)
AntibodyAcetylated-Lysine (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:9441 RRID:AB_331805WB (1:1000)
AntibodySOD2 (acetyl K68) (Rabbit monoclonal)AbcamCat:ab137037 RRID:AB_2784527WB (1:1000)
AntibodySOD2 (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:13194 RRID:AB_2750869WB (1:1000)
AntibodyPoly/Mono-ADP Ribose (E6F6A) (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:83732 RRID:AB_2749858WB (1:1000)
AntibodyPHD (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:2784 RRID:AB_2162928WB (1:1000)
AntibodyOPA1 (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:80471 RRID:AB_2734117WB (1:1000)
Antibodybeta-Actin (Mouse monoclonal)Sigma-AldrichCat:A5441 RRID:AB_476744WB (1:1000)
AntibodyMFN2 (Mouse monoclonal)AbcamCat:ab56889 RRID:AB_2142629WB (1:1000)
AntibodyDRP1 (Rabbit polyclonal)Cell SignalingCat:8570 RRID:AB_10950498WB (1:1000)
AntibodyPGC-1a (Rabbit polyclonal)AbcamCat:ab54481 RRID:AB_881987WB (1:1000)
AntibodyAnti-Rabbit IgGCell SignalingCat: 7074 RRID:AB_2099233WB: (1:20000)
AntibodyAnt-Mouse IgGCell SignalingCat:7076 RRID:AB_330924WB: (1:20000)
Sequence-based reagentNAMPT_fMerckPCR primersATCCAGGAGGCCAAAGAAG
Sequence-based reagentNAMPT_rMerckPCR primersATCGGGAGATGACCATCGTA
Sequence-based reagentNMNT1_fMerckPCR primersTGCATGCTACAGGAAAATAC
Sequence-based reagentNMNT1_rMerckPCR primersAAGTTCTGCCATGATGATTC
Sequence-based reagentNMNT2_fMerckPCR primersGGCAGATATGGAAGTGATTG
Sequence-based reagentNMNT2_rMerckPCR primersGGAGTATGGAGGAGTGATTC
Sequence-based reagentNMNT3_fMerckPCR primersCAGCATGAAGAACCGAATC
Sequence-based reagentNMNT3_rMerckPCR primersTGGTACCTTCCTGTTTGG
Sequence-based reagent18 s_fMerckPCR primersCGCGGTTCTATTTTGTTGGT
Sequence-based reagent18 s_rMerckPCR primersAGTCGGCATCGTTTATGGTC
Sequence-based reagentmtDNA_fMerckPCR primersCCCAGCTACTACCATCATTCAAGT
Sequence-based reagentmtDNA_rMerckPCR primersGATGGTTTGGGAGATTGGTTGATGT
Sequence-based reagentOGG1_fMerckPCR primersATGAGGACCAAGCTAGGTGAC
Sequence-based reagentOGG1_rMerckPCR primersGCCTCACAATCAACTTATCCC
Commercial assay or kitPierce BCA Protein Assay KitThermo Fisher ScientificCat:23228
Commercial assay or kitRNeasy Mini KitQiagenCat:74106
Commercial assay or kitAcetyl-Coenzyme A Assay kitMerckCat:MAK039
OtherRM1+
6000 ppm
Special Diets ServicesCustom Dox diet
OtherTRI ReagentMerckCat:9424
OtherqScript cDNA SupermixQuantbioCat:95048
OtherPerfeCTa SYBR Green SupermixQuantbioCat: 95054
OtherSodium succinate dibasic hexahydrateMerckCat:S237810 mM
OtherCytochrome cMerckCat:C775210 µM
OtherHalt Protease and Phosphatase InhibitorThermo Fisher ScientificCat:1861284
OtherM-PER Mammalian protein extraction reagentThermo Fisher ScientificCat:78505
OtherDynabeads Protein GThermo Fisher ScientificCat:10003D
OtherOligofectamine ReagentThermo Fisher ScientificCat:12252–011

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  1. Knut H Lauritzen
  2. Maria Belland Olsen
  3. Mohammed Shakil Ahmed
  4. Kuan Yang
  5. Johanne Egge Rinholm
  6. Linda H Bergersen
  7. Qin Ying Esbensen
  8. Lars Jansen Sverkeli
  9. Mathias Ziegler
  10. Håvard Attramadal
  11. Bente Halvorsen
  12. Pål Aukrust
  13. Arne Yndestad
(2021)
Instability in NAD+ metabolism leads to impaired cardiac mitochondrial function and communication
eLife 10:e59828.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59828