Restored TDCA and valine levels imitate the effects of bariatric surgery
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Osaka Medical College, Japan
- Hannover Medical School, Germany
- University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, United States
Abstract
Background: Obesity is widespread and linked to various co-morbidities. Bariatric surgery has been identified as the only effective treatment, promoting sustained weight loss and the remission of co-morbidities.
Methods: Metabolic profiling was performed on diet induced obese (DIO) mice, lean mice and DIO mice that underwent sleeve gastrectomies. In addition, mice were subjected to i.p. injections with TDCA and valine. Indirect calorimetry was performed to assess food intake and energy expenditure. Expression of appetite regulating hormones was assessed through quantification of isolated RNA from dissected hypothalamus tissue. Subsequently, i.p. injections with an MCH antagonist and intrathecal administration of melanin-concentrating hormone were performed and weight loss was monitored.
Results: Mass-spectrometric metabolomic profiling revealed significantly reduced systemic levels of TDCA and L-valine in DIO mice. TDCA and L-Valine levels were restored after sleeve gastrectomies (SGx) in both human and mice to levels comparable with lean controls. Systemic treatment with TDCA and valine induced a profound weight loss analogous to effects observed after SGx. Utilizing indirect calorimetry, we confirmed reduced food intake as causal for TDCA/valine-mediated weight loss via a central inhibition of the melanin-concentrating hormone.
Conclusions: In summary, we identified restored TDCA/valine levels as an underlying mechanism of SGx-derived effects on weight loss. Of translational relevance, TDCA and L-valine are presented as novel agents promoting weight loss while reversing obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
Data availability
All relevant data supporting the findings of this study are available as source data files.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
National Institutes of Health (UO-1 A1 132898)
- Stefan G Tullius
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (QU 420/1-1)
- Markus Quante
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HE 7457/1-1)
- Timm Heinbokel
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KR 4362/1-1)
- Felix Krenzien
Chinese Scholarship Council (201606370196)
- Yeqi Nian
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Ethics
Animal experimentation: Animal use and care were in accordance with institutional and National Institutes of Health guidelines. The study protocol was approved by the Brigham and Women´s Hospital Institutional Animal Care and use Committee (IACUC) animal protocol (animal protocol 2016N000371).
Human subjects: Serum samples from patients prior to and 3 months post sleeve gastrectomy were obtained with approval of the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) Institutional Review Board and through cooperation with Dr. Eric G. Sheu and the Center for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery at BWH. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and samples were collected following BWH ethical regulations.
Copyright
© 2021, Quante et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Restored TDCA and valine levels imitate the effects of bariatric surgery
eLife 10:e62928.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62928
Further reading
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- Immunology and Inflammation
- Medicine
Background:
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS), the genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (T21), display clear signs of immune dysregulation, including high rates of autoimmunity and severe complications from infections. Although it is well established that T21 causes increased interferon responses and JAK/STAT signaling, elevated autoantibodies, global immune remodeling, and hypercytokinemia, the interplay between these processes, the clinical manifestations of DS, and potential therapeutic interventions remain ill defined.
Methods:
We report a comprehensive analysis of immune dysregulation at the clinical, cellular, and molecular level in hundreds of individuals with DS, including autoantibody profiling, cytokine analysis, and deep immune mapping. We also report the interim analysis of a Phase II clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib through multiple clinical and molecular endpoints.
Results:
We demonstrate multi-organ autoimmunity of pediatric onset concurrent with unexpected autoantibody-phenotype associations in DS. Importantly, constitutive immune remodeling and hypercytokinemia occur from an early age prior to autoimmune diagnoses or autoantibody production. Analysis of the first 10 participants to complete 16 weeks of tofacitinib treatment shows a good safety profile and no serious adverse events. Treatment reduced skin pathology in alopecia areata, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, while decreasing interferon scores, cytokine scores, and levels of pathogenic autoantibodies without overt immune suppression.
Conclusions:
JAK inhibition is a valid strategy to treat autoimmune conditions in DS. Additional research is needed to define the effects of JAK inhibition on the broader developmental and clinical hallmarks of DS.
Funding:
NIAMS, Global Down Syndrome Foundation.
Clinical trial number:
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- Immunology and Inflammation
- Medicine
Metabolic abnormalities associated with liver disease have a significant impact on the risk and prognosis of cholecystitis. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated this issue using Wilson’s disease (WD) as a model, which is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired mitochondrial function and copper metabolism. Our retrospective clinical study found that WD patients have a significantly higher incidence of cholecystitis and a poorer prognosis. The hepatic immune cell landscape using single-cell RNA sequencing showed that the tissue immune microenvironment is altered in WD, mainly a major change in the constitution and function of the innate immune system. Exhaustion of natural killer (NK) cells is the fundamental factor, supported by the upregulated expression of inhibitory receptors and the downregulated expression of cytotoxic molecules, which was verified in clinical samples. Further bioinformatic analysis confirmed a positive correlation between NK cell exhaustion and poor prognosis in cholecystitis and other inflammatory diseases. The study demonstrated dysfunction of liver immune cells triggered by specific metabolic abnormalities in WD, with a focus on the correlation between NK cell exhaustion and poor healing of cholecystitis, providing new insights into the improvement of inflammatory diseases by assessing immune cell function.
