3D Visualisation Aesthetics Lab, School of Art and Design, and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Australia;
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Australia;
Protein specific D ~ 10−3–1 µm2/s [see note 10]; Transitions between protein states ~ 1–100µs
Soluble proteins1
EGF, TNF, MMPs
Membrane transport proteins2
GLUT4, K+ channel, Na+/K+ pump
~4–10 nm length
~104 per µm2
~100–107/s transport rate
Extracellular matrix3
Collagens, Fibronectin, Hyaluronic acid
Variable: from large fibres to smaller glycoproteins
Variable
Very low mobility relative to proteins
Plasma membrane4
Phospholipids
~2 nm length;~0.25–0.5 nm2 cross-sectional area
~5×106 per µm2
†D ~ 1 µm2/s
Processes
Protrusions
Filopodia5
~1–5 µm length; ~150–200 nm diameter
~0.3 per µm2
~25–50 nm/s protrusion rate
Endocytosis
Caveolae6
~65 nm mean diameter; ~0.0067 µm2 area
~10 per µm2
~30 s to minutes
Clathrin mediated endocytosis7
~110 nm mean diameter; ~0.0190 µm2 area
~0.8 per µm2
~30–60 s
Macropinocytosis8
~0.2–5 µm diameter
?
~120 s
Extracellular vesicles
Exosomes9
~40–150 nm diameter
?
?
* Key features of cellular structures and processes in Nanoscape, with examples detailing properties such as dimensions, densities, temporal dynamics. See Figure 1 for 3D models.