Increased burden of familial-associated early-onset cancer risk among minority Americans compared to non-Latino Whites
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, United States
Figures
Figure 1
Relative risks of early-onset cancers among siblings and mothers.
(A) Relative risks among siblings and mothers of any early-onset cancer (diagnosed under 26 years of age) given a proband with cancer, 1989–2015, California, USA. (B) Relative risks by ethnic group among siblings and mothers of any early-onset cancer (diagnosed under 26 years of age) given a proband with cancer, 1989–2015, California, USA. Cancers were classified into groups as defined by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third edition (ICCC-3, November 2012) (https://seer.cancer.gov/iccc/iccc3.html). Hematologic cancers include leukemias and lymphomas. Solid cancers include CNS tumors, neuroblastomas, retinoblastomas, renal tumors, hepatic tumors, bone tumors, sarcomas, GCT, epithelial neoplasms, and others. The axis for SIR was natural log-transformed. SIR and 95% CI were not calculatable for cancers with zero observed case. p was calculated assuming a Poisson distribution. Abbreviations: SIR, standardized incidence ratio. CI, confidence interval. API, Asian/Pacific Islander.
Figure 2
Relative risks of siblings and mothers of specific cancers.
Cancers were classified into groups as defined by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third edition (ICCC-3, November 2012) (https://seer.cancer.gov/iccc/iccc3.html). Standardized incidence ratios greater than 10 were recoded to 10. Siblings and mothers of a proband were diagnosed with cancer from 1989 to 2015 at 0–26 years of age. p was calculated assuming a Poisson distribution. Abbreviations: SIR, standardized incidence ratio. CI, confidence interval. GCT, germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, and neoplasms of gonads.
Figure 3
Relative risks of second primary malignancies.
(A) Relative risks of second primary malignancies of any early-onset cancer (diagnosed under 26 years of age) given a proband with cancer, 1989–2015, California, USA. (B) Relative risks of second primary malignancies of any early-onset cancer (diagnosed under 26 years of age) given a proband with cancer by ethnic group, 1989–2015, California, USA. Cancers were classified into groups as defined by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third edition (ICCC-3, November 2012) (https://seer.cancer.gov/iccc/iccc3.html). Hematologic cancers include leukemias and lymphomas. Solid cancers include CNS tumors, neuroblastomas, retinoblastomas, renal tumors, hepatic tumors, bone tumors, sarcomas, GCT, epithelial neoplasms, and others. The axis for SIR was natural log-transformed. SIR and 95% CI were not calculatable for cancers with zero observed case. p was calculated assuming a Poisson distribution. Abbreviations: SIR, standardized incidence ratio. CI, confidence interval. FPM, first primary malignancy. SPM, second primary malignancy. API, Asian/Pacific Islander.
Tables
Table 1
Abbreviations of the 12 broad groups defined by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third edition.
| Abbreviation | Definition* |
|---|---|
| Leukemias | I. Leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases |
| Lymphomas | II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms |
| CNS tumors | III. CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms |
| Neuroblastomas | IV. Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors |
| Retinoblastoma | V. Retinoblastoma |
| Renal tumors | VI. Renal tumors |
| Hepatic tumors | VII. Hepatic tumors |
| Bone tumors | VIII. Malignant bone tumors |
| Sarcomas | IX. Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas |
| GCT | X. Germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, and neoplasms of gonads |
| Epithelial neoplasms | XI. Other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas |
| Other | XII. Other and unspecified malignant neoplasms |
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*Cancers were classified into groups as defined by the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third edition (ICCC-3, November 2012) (https://seer.cancer.gov/iccc/iccc3.html).
Table 2
Selected demographic characteristic of probands, affected siblings, and second primary malignancies among the early-onset cancer patients in the linked population-based registries in California, 1989–2015.
| Overall* | No. of probands | No. of affected siblings | No. of affected mothers | No. of second primaries† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 29,249 | 29,072 | 112 | 65 | 387 |
| Age at diagnosis (years)‡ | No (%) | ||||
| 0 | 2592 (8.75) | 2611 (8.98) | 10 (8.93) | 0 (0.00) | ≦5 (1.03) |
| 1–4 | 8683 (29.3) | 8719 (29.99) | 15 (13.39) | ≦5 (3.08) | 37 (9.56) |
| 5–9 | 5054 (17.06) | 5057 (17.39) | 12 (10.71) | 0 (0.00) | 67 (17.31) |
| 10–14 | 4224 (14.26) | 4180 (14.38) | 22 (19.64) | 0 (0.00) | 98 (25.32) |
| 15–19 | 4734 (15.98) | 4664 (16.04) | 37 (33.04) | 7 (10.77) | 90 (23.26) |
| 20+ | 4344 (14.66) | 3841 (13.21) | 16 (14.29) | 56 (86.15) | 91 (23.51) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 15,528 (52.40) | 15,467 (53.20) | 56 (50.00) | NA | 198 (51.16) |
| Female | 14,102 (47.59) | 13,605 (46.80) | 56 (50.00) | 65 (100.00) | 189 (48.84) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Latino (all races) | 13,281 (44.82) | 13,059 (44.92) | 51 (45.54) | 26 (40.00) | 159 (41.09) |
| Non-Latino White | 11,410 (38.51) | 11,193 (38.50) | 39 (34.82) | 17 (26.15) | 128 (33.07) |
| Non-Latino Black | 1772 (5.98) | 1716 (5.90) | 9 (8.04) | 7 (10.77) | 10 (2.58) |
| Non-Latino Asian/Pacific Islander | 2605 (8.79) | 2551 (8.77) | 12 (10.71) | 0 (0.00) | 47 (12.14) |
| Other | 563 (1.94) | 553 (1.90) | ≦5 (0.89) | 15 (4.62) | 43 (11.11) |
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*All early-onset cancer patients diagnosed from 1989 to 2015 identified in the linked population-based registries in California.
†Number of second primary malignancies diagnosed from 1989 to 2015 within all children (probands and affected siblings, excluding mothers) with early-onset cancers in the linked population-based registries in California.
Additional files
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Source code 1
Statistics and coding supplement.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/64793/elife-64793-code1-v1.zip
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Supplementary file 1
Supplementary files.
(A) Relative risks of the same type of early-onset cancer with the proband among siblings and mothers by ethnic group, 1989 to 2015, California, USA. (B) Relative risks of siblings and mothers for a specific type of early-onset cancer (diagnosed 0–26 years of age) given a proband with cancer, 1989–2015, California, USA. (C) Relative risks of any early-onset cancer (diagnosed at 0–26 years of age) for siblings and mothers of the same type of cancer with the proband given a proband with cancer by subgroups, 1989–2015, California, USA. (D) Relative risks of any early-onset cancer (diagnosed 0–26 years of age) among siblings and mothers by ethnic group, 1989–2015, California, USA. (E) Second primary malignancies in families exhibited familial risks and families did not exhibit familial risk. (F) Relative risks of second primary malignancies of the same type of early-onset cancer (diagnosed 0–26 years of age) with the first primary malignancy by ethnic groups, California, USA.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/64793/elife-64793-supp1-v1.docx
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Transparent reporting form
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/64793/elife-64793-transrepform-v1.docx
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Increased burden of familial-associated early-onset cancer risk among minority Americans compared to non-Latino Whites
eLife 10:e64793.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.64793
