Neuronal activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during economic choices under variable action costs
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, United States
- NYU Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, China
- Departments of Economics, Washington University in St Louis, China
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, China
Figures
Figure 1
Experimental design and behavioral analysis.
(A) At the beginning of the trial, the monkey fixated a center point on the monitor. After 1.5 s, two offers appeared to the left and right of the fixation point. The offers were represented by sets …
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Figure 1—source data 1
Source data for Figure 1c.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/71695/elife-71695-fig1-data1-v2.zip
Figure 2
Neuronal encoding of variables in commodity and cost-based reference frames.
(A) Response encoding the chosen value (late-delay time window). In the left panel, the x-axis represents different offer types ranked by ratio qB:qA. Black and gray symbols represent the percentage …
Figure 3
Neuronal encoding of variables in spatial and action-based reference frames.
(A) Response encoding the variable chosen offer location only (late-delay time window). All conventions are as in Figure 2A. In the right panel, the neuronal response is plotted against the chosen …
Figure 4
Population summary of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (all time windows).
(A) Explained responses. Row and columns represent, respectively, time windows and variables. In each location, the number indicates the number of responses explained by the corresponding variable …
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Figure 4—source data 1
Source data for Figure 4.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/71695/elife-71695-fig4-data1-v2.zip
Figure 5
Percentage of encoded variables across task time windows.
(A) Variable chosen value. (B) Variable chosen cost. (C) Variable chosen juice. Light shade indicates the percentage of neurons encoding the covariate but not the categorical variable (chosen offer …
Figure 6
Model comparisons for chosen value responses.
The x-axis represents the difference ΔR2. In this case, we examined separately early time windows (post-offer to pre-target windows, top, N = 148 responses) and late time windows (post-target to …
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Figure 6—source data 1
Source data for Figure 6.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/71695/elife-71695-fig6-data1-v2.zip
Figure 7
Contrasting the encoding of chosen cost and chosen juice in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACCd) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
(A) Comparison of the percentage of neurons encoding chosen value in ACCd and OFC (***, p < 0.001, χ2-test). (B) Comparison of the percentage of neurons encoding chosen cost in ACCd and OFC (***, p <…
Author response image 1
Author response image 2
Author response image 3
Tables
Table 1
A total of 688 cells were recorded from dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACCd) and included in this analysis.
| Trial type | Offer A location | Target A location | Chosen offer location | Chosen target location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-offer | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Post-offer | 37 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
| Late-delay | 55 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 0 |
| Mem-delay | 38 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 1 |
| Pre-target | 34 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
| Post-target | 42 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 28 |
| Pre-go | 35 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 37 |
| Pre-juice | 39 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 61 |
| Post-juice | 29 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 21 |
| At least 1 | 172 | 5 | 25 | 38 | 108 |
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Table 1—source data 1
Source data for Table 1.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/71695/elife-71695-table1-data1-v2.zip
Table 2
Defined variables.
In any given trial, qA and qB were, respectively, the quantities of juice A and juice B offered to the animal, ρ was the relative value of the two juices, and ξ was the action cost. Parameters ρ and …
| Collapsed variable | Variable | Definition | Reference frame | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Offer value (juice) | Offer value A | ρ qA + ξ δjuice A,+ | Juice |
| 2 | Offer value B | qB + ξ δjuice B,+ | Juice | |
| 3 | Chosen juice | 1 if juice B is chosen, 0 if juice A is chosen | Juice | |
| 4 | Offer value (cost) | Offer value − | Offer value A if A is high cost, offer value B if B is high cost | Cost |
| 5 | Offer value + | Offer value A if A is low cost, offer value B if B is low cost | Cost | |
| 6 | Chosen cost | 1 if low-cost offer is chosen, 0 if high-cost offer is chosen | Cost | |
| 7 | Offer value (location) | Offer value L | Value of the juice offered on the left | Visual |
| 8 | Offer value R | Value of the juice offered on the right | Visual | |
| 9 | Offer value (target) | Offer value target L | Value of the juice associated with target in the left hemifield | Action |
| 10 | Offer value target R | Value of the juice associated with target in the right hemifield | Action | |
| 11 | Cost of A | 1 if offer A is low cost, 0 if offer A is high cost | ||
| 12 | Offer A location | 1 if juice A is offered on left, 0 if juice A is offered on right | ||
| 13 | Target A location | 1 if target A is in left hemifield, 0 if target A is in right hemifield | ||
| 14 | Offer+ location | 1 if low-cost offer is on the left, 0 if low cost offer is on the right | ||
| 15 | Target+ location | 1 if low-cost target is in the left hemifield, 0 otherwise | ||
| 16 | Spatial congruence | 1 if offers and targets are spatially congruent, 0 otherwise | ||
| 17 | Chosen value | Offer value A if juice A chosen, offer value B if juice B chosen | ||
| 18 | Value ratio | Other/chosen value | ||
| 19 | Cost/benefit conflict | Cost of A × sign(offer value A – offer value B). 1 if there is conflict, 0 otherwise | ||
| 20 | Chosen offer loc only | 1 if the chosen offer is on the left, 0 otherwise | Visual | |
| 21 | Chosen target loc only | 1 if the chosen target is in the left hemifield, 0 otherwise | Action |
Author response table 1
| Offer value (juice) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACCd | OFC | ||||||
| Number | Percentage | p (binomial test) | Number | Percentage | p (binomial test) | p (chi-square test) | |
| Post-offer | 5 | 2.0 | 0.9953 | 60 | 18.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Late-delay | 4 | 1.6 | 0.9987 | 44 | 13.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Mem-delay | 1 | 0.40 | 1 | 26 | 8.2 | 0.0099 | 0 |
| Pre-target | 0 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 5.4 | 0.4188 | 0.0002 |
Author response table 2
| Offer value (cost) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACCd | OFC | ||||||
| Number | Percentage | p (binomial test) | Number | Percentage | p (binomial test) | p (chi-square test) | |
| Post-offer | 3 | 1.2 | 0.9997 | 27 | 8.5 | 0.0054 | 0.0001 |
| Late-delay | 4 | 1.6 | 0.9987 | 20 | 6.3 | 0.1719 | 0.0059 |
| Mem-delay | 3 | 1.2 | 0.9997 | 8 | 2.5 | 0.9905 | 0.2592 |
| Pre-target | 6 | 2.4 | 0.9865 | 10 | 3.2 | 0.9573 | 0.5956 |
