Figures and data in Insights from full-text analyses of the Journal of the American Medical Association and the New England Journal of Medicine

Figures
Tables
Additional files

8 figures, 2 tables and 11 additional files

Figures

Figure 1

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Time series analyses for the word ‘the’.

(a) Frequency of the word ‘the’ in *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*), with annual total raw counts (*top panel*), scaled by article counts (*middle panel*), and scaled by total number of words (*bottom panel*). (b) Frequency of the word ‘the’ in *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*), with annual total raw counts (*top panel*), scaled by article counts (*middle panel*), and scaled by total number of words (*bottom panel*).

Figure 2

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Time series plots for selected words, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year.

Time series plots, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year for: the words ‘AIDS’, ‘cancer’, ‘cardiac’, ‘coronavirus’, and ‘tuberculosis’ in the (a) *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*) corpus (1883–2018) and (b) *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*) corpus (1812–2020); the words ‘autonomy’, ‘consent’, ‘ethical’, ‘ethics’, ‘moral’, ‘professionalism’, and ‘respect’ in (c) *JAMA* and (d) *NEJM*; for the words ‘controlled’, ‘experiment’, ‘randomized’, and ‘trial’ in (e) *JAMA* and (f) *NEJM*; and for the words ‘clinic’, ‘hospital’, ‘inpatient’, ‘laboratory’, ‘outpatient’, and ‘telephone’ in (g) *JAMA* and (h) *NEJM*.

Figure 3

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Time series plots for selected bigrams, with frequency per 100,000 bigrams as a function of year.

Time series plots, with frequency per 100,000 bigrams as a function of year, for: the bigram ‘personal equation’ in the (a) *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*) corpus; the bigram ‘antibiotic resistance’ in the (b) *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*) corpus (1883–2018), and (c) *NEJM* corpus (1812–2020); the bigram ‘informed consent’ in (d) *JAMA* and (e) *NEJM*; the bigram ‘mental retardation’ in (f) *JAMA* and (g) *NEJM*; the bigrams ‘health policy’ and ‘managed care’ in (h) *JAMA* and (i) *NEJM*; the bigrams ‘breast cancer’ and ‘lung cancer’ in (j) *JAMA* and (k) *NEJM*; and the bigrams ‘myocardial infarction’ and ‘heart attack’ in (l) *JAMA* and (m) *NEJM*.

Figure 4

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Screenshots of our *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*) and *New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)* ngram viewer.

(a) The landing page of our website defaults to the word frequencies highlighted in Figure 3. (b) Analysis functionality includes calculating both the relative and absolute frequencies in both corpora, *NEJM* only, and *JAMA* only, as well as plotting cumulative frequencies, changing color of lines to grayscale, and enabling case-sensitive searches. (c) Users can download both the plot as a scalable vector graphics (svg) file and the raw data for their query as a csv file. (d) Frequency lines can be smoothed with the ‘smoothing bar’ on the bottom right-hand corner of the screen. (e) Time series plots can also be limited to a particular window/time period by changing the time bar on the bottom of the screen with the drag-and-drop timeline or with the corresponding dropdown menus.

Figure 5

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Time series plot, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year, for the word ‘patent’ in the (a) *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*) corpus and the (b) *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*) corpus.

Figure 6

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Time series plot, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year, for the word ‘bias’ in the (a) *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*) corpus and the (b) *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*) corpus.

Figure 7

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Evolution of the modern concept of ‘dementia’ as reflected in *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*).

Each column denotes a quarter century: 1900–1924 (yellow), 1925–1949 (green), 1950–1974 (blue-purple), 1975–1999 (pink-violet), and 2000–2020 (red). Clustering using the word addresses/vectors generated during the 2000–2020 groups the following words together: alzheimer, amyotrophic, angiopathy, dementia, frontotemporal, huntington, lewy, lobar, neurodegenerative, neuropathology, parkinson, pick, senile, and wernicke (all highlighted with a red background). We subsequently identify which clusters, historically, each of these 14 terms belonged to. The size of the connections denotes proportionally how many words from that cluster ‘flowed’ into the next. The absence of a connection indicates that two consecutive clusters share no words.

Figure 8

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Validation and verification of optical character recognition (OCR) processing of the original *New England Journal of Medicine* (*NEJM*) and *Journal of the American Medical Association* (*JAMA*) manuscripts.

(a) We estimated the character error rate, to be: 0.26% (± standard deviation [std] = 0.004%; 1 in 384 characters) for articles published before 1899, 0.014% (±std 0.001%; 1 in 7105 characters) for articles published between 1900 and 1949, 0.065% (±std 0.002%; 1 in 1520 characters) for articles published between 1950 and 1999, and 0.037% (±std 0.001%; 1 in 2701 characters) for articles published after 2000. (b) All alphanumeric character discrepancies were traced back to typographical errors introduced by poor printing quality (e.g., e recognized as c when the [horizontal] bar of the letter e is missing). During the manual transcription, we also noted the presence of: (c) typographical errors by the original authors and (**d, e**) historical word choices.

Tables

Table 1

Table of the 10 most-related terms for the words ‘patent’, ‘abortion’, ‘bias’, ‘defective’, and ‘race’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.

For historical accuracy, we intentionally did not filter misspellings and/or offensive words.

Patent
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
proprietary	proprietary	proprietary	proprietary	trademark	histeen	arteriosus	ductus	ductus	ductus	ductus	ductus	coinventors	coinventors
fakish	venders	seeret	proprictary	proprietary	exploiter	ductus	arteriosus	arteriosus	arteriosus	arteriosus	arteriosus	coinventor	royalties
readymade	exploiter	proprictary	quack	exploiter	proprietary	ovale	coarctation	ovale	arteriosis	duetus	foramen	ovale	therapeutics
mostrums	putent	sceret	quackery	nurito	hard	proprietary	anomalous	arteriosis	bcv	arteriosis	databanks	foramen	biosimilar
polypharmaceutic	frandulent	mostrum	nostrum	citrophan	kolloyd	arteriosis	ovale	duetus	arteries	ovale	inventors	patents	coinventor
bootleggers	inventors	deception	seeret	patented	wheat	quackery	arteriosis	postductal	duetus	peritoneovenous	proprietary	biosimilar	extensions
proprie	proprie	exploiter	exploiters	distributer	trademark	duetus	tracheoesophageal	stenosis	grafts	bcv	defect	biosimilars	corevalve
fraudulence	rankest	faker	exploiter	benetol	distributer	medieines	interatrial	arteries	anastomotic	arteries	aortopulmonary	closure	sapien
abominations	unblushing	quack	venders	exploiters	nurito	stenosis	atresia	botallo	anastomosis	eustachian	deviees	ndas	equity
tised	seeret	proprietorship	fakers	purifico	exploiters	valves	tricuspid	bifurcating	coarctation	intraventricular	coinventor	nonexclusive	chimerix
Abortion
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
premature	miscarriage	miscarriage	delivery	miscarriage	miscarriage	miscarriage	miscarriage	pregnancy	abortions	abortions	contraception	abortions	miscarriage
miscarriage	previa	criminal	miscarriage	pregnancy	habitual	habitual	contraception	abortions	pregnancy	contraception	abortions	tellingly	stillbirth
ectopic	labor	pregnancy	pregnancy	puerperal	puerperal	ahortion	pregnancy	threatened	euthanasia	pregnancy	birth	eapen	birth
labor	endometritis	delivery	eclampsin	ahortion	criminal	pregnancy	ahortion	intrauterine	midtrimester	euthanasia	criminalized	offsite	obstetric
ufero	pregnancy	labor	tubal	delivery	ahortion	threatened	habitual	miscarriage	abor	ectopic	conraception	infertility	intrauterine
accouchment	ectopic	ectopic	inbor	pregnant	stillbirth	criminal	aborted	contraception	legal	midtrimester	midtrimester	legalization	spontaneous
delivery	puerperal	pravia	ahortion	criminal	abortions	hydatidiform	stillbirth	infertility	amniocentesis	unwanted	secondtrimester	mischaracterizes	cdmr
faetus	eclampsia	eclampsia	puerperal	spontaneous	pregnancy	menorrhagia	delivery	labor	criminal	tubal	eugenic	pregnancy	pregnancy
hzmorrhage	delivery	premature	premature	eclampsia	threatened	menstruation	threatened	delivery	unwanted	fetus	sterilization	legalizing	nonlegal
criminal	intrauterine	previa	placenta	dystocia	delivery	ectopic	abortions	postpartum	sterilization	ovum	amniocentesis	contraception	preeclampsia
Bias
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
stigma	guilt	insincerity	condonation	prejudice	reasonings	prejudice	overgeneralization	biases	biases	biases	biases	biases	biases
beneficence	preferences	prepossession	reasonahle	insincerity	argumentation	disadvantageously	overmatching	prejudice	selection	biased	biased	biased	selection
vileness	inborn	instinets	adjudge	pretentions	triteness	didacticism	uncertainty	biased	overmatching	selection	selection	selection	confounding
jearning	denial	partisanship	insincerity	prepossession	marshalling	overload	foreknowledge	repetition	biased	misclassification	nondifferential	misclassification	unmeasured
respomsibility	trammels	reasonings	eruel	partisanship	didacticism	preconception	prejudice	errors	selfselection	nondifferential	selfselection	confounding	biased
inflictions	jurymen	perverseness	premeditation	depreciating	fairness	selfcentered	nonpublication	overmatching	biasing	confounding	misclassification	unmeasured	misclassification
imbues	prepossession	disinterestedness	meddlesomeness	deluding	prejudice	expectable	oversimplifications	generalization	generalization	overmatching	confounding	nondifferential	attrition
adherence	hypnotizer	diseredit	untruthfulness	unreserved	adducing	hewed	artificiality	validity	nonindependence	imprecision	masking	funnel	blinding
prostitution	misconstruction	eruel	jurymen	indiscriminating	doctrinaire	histrionics	generalization	discrimination	overgeneralization	selfselection	blinding	selfselection	validity
equity	validity	enthusinsm	tactless	unkindly	impressiveness	neutrally	interpretational	preferences	oversimplifications	underreporting	misreporting	imprecision	imprecision
Defective
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
calorification	impaired	impaired	defects	defects	mentally	impaired	impaired	impaired	chemotaxis	eukaryotic	mutant	mitochondria	tlr1
deficiency	defects	imperfect	defect	impaired	defects	defects	defects	fibrinase	defect	defect	ribozyme	cftr	autophagy
malnutrition	malnutrition	defects	defeets	poor	poor	congenitally	retardation	abnormal	impaired	mitochondrial	fasl	mitochondrial	pvhl
abnormalities	imperfect	deficiency	poor	mentally	defect	abnormal	congenitally	defect	glycosphingolipid	progenitor	germline	autophagy	cardiomyocyte
nil	retardation	deficiencies	mentally	abnormal	congenitally	retardation	defect	recessively	suppressor	mutant	genetically	ryanodine	cd47
imperfect	defect	abnormal	abnormalities	congenitally	cardiopathic	mentally	mentally	prtase	antiglomerular	clone	deregulated	pvhl	tlr2
impairment	nutrition	defect	abnormal	defect	idiot	cardiopathic	abnormal	neurovisceral	fibrinase	retroviral	oncogene	misfolded	mfn2
deciduous	congenitally	imperfect	impaired	cardiopathic	aberrations	unstable	impairment	congenitally	mitochondrial	genetically	phenotype	sod1	hmga1
emotional	impairment	mentally	insuflicient	impairment	offspring	blind	poor	deficiency	leukotactic	gene	fibrillin	mutant	txnip
immobility	disturbances	anomalies	malnutrition	deafmutes	impaired	poor	deficiency	heterozygotic	neurofilament	chaperone	deletion	degradation	mapk
Race
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
happiness	offspring	negro	community	races	sex	sex	sex	sex	sex	sex	ethnicity	ethnicity	ethnicity
offspring	peoples	human	sex	native	races	nationality	ethnic	nationality	age	ethnic	sex	sex	sex
intellectual	happiness	ancestry	negro	peoples	ancestry	geographic	ancestry	ethnic	marital	marital	gender	gender	hispanic
fetichism	african	mankind	social	ancestry	ethnic	creed	nationality	geographic	nativity	gender	marital	ethnic	age
religion	ancestry	hereditary	human	dominant	jews	nativity	nativity	marital	ethnic	ethnicity	age	status	marital
brutes	hybrid	peoples	moral	recessive	nationality	marital	negroid	nativity	religion	age	status	selfidentified	status
populations	instinct	uncivilized	hereditary	sex	hereditary	negro	marital	geography	birthdate	religion	nicity	hispanic	origin
tenderest	esquimaux	degeneracy	offspring	populations	intermarriage	happiness	mating	age	smoking	hispanic	selfidentified	age	selfidentified
morals	religion	zoophilism	socinl	community	family	indians	temperament	habits	sociceconomic	characteristics	hispanie	sociodemographic	asian
gambling	mankind	races	eugenies	interbreeding	tabus	age	geographic	religion	distribution	sociceconomic	hispanic	marital	demographics

Notes: All 200 most-related terms are available in Supplementary files.

Table 2

Table of the 10 most-related terms for the words ‘patent’, ‘abortion’, ‘bias’, ‘defective’, and ‘race’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.

Given space constraints and to facilitate comparison with Table 1, we limit the tables to post-1880s; full analyses (1810–2020) are provided in eTables. For historical accuracy, we intentionally did not filter misspellings and/or offensive words.

Patent
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
compounder	revalenta	proprietary	proprietary	ductus	arteriosus	ductus	ductus	ductus	ductus	ductus	arteriosus	foramen	ovale
peddling	proprietary	quack	quack	arteriosus	ductus	arteriosus	arteriosus	arteriosus	arteriosus	arteriosus	ductus	ovale	foramen
revalenta	venders	revalenta	quackery	eommon	ovale	ovale	ovale	ovale	ovale	licensing	foramen	ductus	amplatzer
affixing	wholesaler	eommon	magna	narroav	incompetence	transposition	tetralogy	foramen	saphenous	artery	ovale	coinventors	ductus
fouled	rummage	venders	core	arteriosas	arteriosas	septal	foramen	interatrial	arteries	cava	amplatzer	arteriosus	arteriosus
baited	quack	blameworthy	thyroglossal	ovale	truncus	bicuspid	fallot	truncus	grafts	pda	occluder	amplatzer	device
rummage	hawkers	rummage	cluster	papilla	tricuspid	coarctation	arteries	dextrocardia	foramen	equity	infarctrelated	inventors	corevalve
vulcanized	compounder	leak	appendage	unsafe	septal	interauricular	truncus	stenosis	stenosis	ventriculoamniotic	starflex	coinventor	coinventors
utensil	tÃ°pelo	affixing	medicinal	tight	urachus	arteriosas	dilated	toleft	atresia	leftto	anomalous	patents	patents
venders	vending	shellfish	dangerof	evil	valves	stenosis	interatrial	leftto	coarctation	amplatzer	venosus	pfo	coinventor
Abortion
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
premature	miscarriage	miscarriage	eetopic	miscarriage	miscarriage	threatened	miscarriage	pregnancy	abortions	abortions	miscarriage	abortions	sterilization
miscarriage	criminal	tubal	justifiability	ectopic	pregnancy	intrauterine	habitual	septic	pregnancy	miscarriage	abortions	miscarriage	contraception
delivery	sepsis	premature	eclampsia	eclampsia	tubal	miscarriage	stillbirth	placentae	contraception	stillbirth	contraception	sterilization	labor
threatened	premature	ectopic	tubal	eetopic	intrauterine	habitual	placentae	abruptio	euthanasia	pregnancy	legalization	mifepristone	unwanted
eclampsia	puerperal	sepsis	divorce	septicemia	placentae	stillbirth	pregnancy	stillbirth	sterilization	infertility	pregnancy	pregnancy	refusal
subinvolution	pregnancy	delivery	postpartum	ablatio	previa	puerperal	tubal	toxemia	amniocentesis	firsttrimester	assisted	stillbirth	abortions
replacement	eclampsia	pregnancy	intrauterine	previa	pregnaney	toxemia	abortions	labor	fetus	aborted	sterilization	labor	marriage
pregnancy	tubal	criminal	threatened	accidental	accreta	previa	abruptio	contraception	midtrimester	contraception	mifepristone	legalization	religious
menorrhagia	endometritis	fetus	miscarriage	postpartum	ectopic	pregnancy	hyperemesis	fetus	unwanted	tubal	unwanted	bendectin	couples
pregnaucy	previa	previa	prsevia	toxemia	toxemia	tubal	praevia	abortions	stillbirth	fetus	legal	multifetal	conscience
Bias
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
denial	aggressive	insincerity	avowal	deception	misconstruction	misjudgment	nonexistence	prejudice	biases	biases	biases	misclassification	biases
juryman	prepossession	sinfulness	eritic	symbolic	fairminded	procrastination	prejudice	pervasive	misclassification	biased	misclassification	biases	misclassification
unwisdom	conscience	unwisdom	expositor	inborn	blinded	discrimination	provable	overenthusiasm	biased	misclassification	biased	confounding	selection
scoffing	fairness	carclessness	carnestly	guilt	verbal	pessimism	subjectivity	generalization	selection	biasing	selection	biased	biasing
conscience	repression	unmanly	convietion	conscience	broadminded	misconception	generalization	hunches	biasing	selection	confounding	selection	biased
prudish	denial	biassed	scoffing	insincerity	disavowal	grudges	denial	biases	prejudice	imprecision	nondifferential	nondifferential	confounding
jealousy	slovenliness	unsettle	witticism	subconscious	ecriticism	depreciatory	fantasy	undocumented	imprecision	nondifferential	overreporting	biasing	nondifferential
excusing	forbearing	metaphysical	ecriticism	intolerant	misjudgment	gynic	denigration	subjectivity	retrospective	blinding	biasing	underpowered	nonresponse
impolitic	vindictiveness	deprecation	recreant	malevolence	dogmatize	shirks	incongruities	injustices	problem	representativeness	design	overreporting	attrition
impiety	disabused	dispossess	dispossess	sinfulness	indelicacy	comprehension	misjudgment	denial	nondifferential	generalization	ascertainment	nonresponse	blinding
Defective
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
defects	impaired	defects	mentally	defects	retardation	unbalance	impaired	impaired	impaired	defect	expression	dysregulated	nlrp3
defect	plumbing	unstable	defects	mentally	defects	regulatory	germ	deficiency	defect	impaired	constitutive	repression	senescence
overcrowding	defect	defeetive	defect	malnutrition	impaired	maladjusted	accelerated	congenitally	deficiency	pretranslational	alas2	nlrp3	dysregulated
plumbing	defeetive	defect	feebleminded	defect	disorder	antisocial	aberration	phenotype	tuftsin	activation	gene	smad3	dock2
excremental	aerial	deficiency	deficiency	impaired	deformities	unstable	erythropoietic	abnormal	abnormal	glucosylation	bcl11b	atg5	mitophagy
sybtem	defectivo	impaired	delinquents	adults	congenitally	lackof	masking	hexosephosphate	disorder	tuftsin	phagocyte	stat5b	repression
defectivo	overcrowding	congenitally	defectives	delinquents	mentally	impotence	defect	impairment	genetically	postreceptor	mosaic	orai1	aberrant
storage	malformation	deterioration	imbeciles	incorrigibility	dentition	hyperactivity	deficiency	accelerated	sialyltransferase	peroxisomes	transactivating	opa1	ikk2
defeetive	defects	backwardness	moron	blind	crowding	conditioning	congenitally	metabolically	aberration	aberrant	downregulate	underexpression	gata3
impairment	deterioration	abnormalities	delinquent	vision	malnutrition	germplasm	deficiencies	reutilized	depressed	galactosylation	organelles	upregulated	IκBα
Race
1880–1889	1890–1899	1900–1909	1910–1919	1920–1929	1930–1939	1940–1949	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999	2000–2009	2010–2019
peoples	negro	jews	negro	happiness	jews	sex	sex	sex	sex	sex	ethnic	ethnic	ethnic
anglosaxon	beauty	offspring	extinction	peoples	religion	climate	marital	ethnic	ethnic	ethnic	sex	sex	sex
uncivilized	youth	youth	peoples	jews	negro	adolescent	nationality	religion	religion	age	ethnicity	hispanic	hispanic
savagery	ancestry	peoples	uncivilized	achievement	races	trait	ethnic	nationality	marital	sociocconomic	marital	ethnicity	ethnicity
offspring	social	intellectual	civilization	religion	populations	genetic	nativity	marital	nationality	urbanization	hispanic	nonblack	asian
religion	ape	barbarian	religion	habitat	dominant	environmental	religion	paternal	marriage	tadjusted	sociodemographic	marital	female
syphilized	humau	weaklings	weaklings	americans	patriarchal	religion	scx	spouses	habits	gender	nonblack	nonwhite	marital
debauched	natives	uncivilized	anglosaxon	youth	inherited	creed	distribution	status	sociocconomic	scx	parity	black	self
warlike	peoples	learning	innate	poverty	jewish	divorce	trait	nuns	nativity	ethnicity	sociocconomic	status	male
negro	sports	love	mating	intellectual	anglosaxon	status	porulation	partners	minorities	marital	nonwhite	nonhispanic	status

Notes: All 200 most-related terms are available in Supplementary files.

Additional files

Supplementary file 1 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘patent’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp1-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 2 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘patent’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp2-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 3 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘abortion’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp3-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 4 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘abortion’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp4-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 5 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘bias’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp5-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 6 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘bias’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp6-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 7 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘defective’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp7-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 8 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘defective’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp8-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 9 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘race’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp9-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 10 Table of the 200 most-related terms for the word ‘race’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-supp10-v1.xlsx
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Transparent reporting form: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/72602/elife-72602-transrepform1-v1.docx
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Moustafa Abdalla
Mohamed Abdalla
Salwa Abdalla
Mohamed Saad
David S Jones
Scott H Podolsky

(2022)

Insights from full-text analyses of the Journal of the American Medical Association and the New England Journal of Medicine

eLife 11:e72602.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72602

Figures

Time series analyses for the word ‘the’.

Time series plots for selected words, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year.

Time series plots for selected bigrams, with frequency per 100,000 bigrams as a function of year.

Screenshots of our Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) ngram viewer.

Time series plot, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year, for the word ‘patent’ in the (a) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) corpus and the (b) New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) corpus.

Time series plot, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year, for the word ‘bias’ in the (a) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) corpus and the (b) New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) corpus.

Evolution of the modern concept of ‘dementia’ as reflected in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

Validation and verification of optical character recognition (OCR) processing of the original New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) manuscripts.

Tables

Table of the 10 most-related terms for the words ‘patent’, ‘abortion’, ‘bias’, ‘defective’, and ‘race’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.

Table of the 10 most-related terms for the words ‘patent’, ‘abortion’, ‘bias’, ‘defective’, and ‘race’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.

Additional files

Supplementary file 1

Supplementary file 2

Supplementary file 3

Supplementary file 4

Supplementary file 5

Supplementary file 6

Supplementary file 7

Supplementary file 8

Supplementary file 9

Supplementary file 10

Transparent reporting form

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Time series analyses for the word ‘the’.

Time series plots for selected words, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year.

Time series plots for selected bigrams, with frequency per 100,000 bigrams as a function of year.

Screenshots of our Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) ngram viewer.

Time series plot, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year, for the word ‘patent’ in the (a) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) corpus and the (b) New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) corpus.

Time series plot, with frequency per 100,000 words as a function of year, for the word ‘bias’ in the (a) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) corpus and the (b) New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) corpus.

Evolution of the modern concept of ‘dementia’ as reflected in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

Validation and verification of optical character recognition (OCR) processing of the original New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) manuscripts.

Table of the 10 most-related terms for the words ‘patent’, ‘abortion’, ‘bias’, ‘defective’, and ‘race’ in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), stratified per decade.

Table of the 10 most-related terms for the words ‘patent’, ‘abortion’, ‘bias’, ‘defective’, and ‘race’ in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), stratified per decade.

Supplementary file 1

Supplementary file 2

Supplementary file 3

Supplementary file 4

Supplementary file 5

Supplementary file 6

Supplementary file 7

Supplementary file 8

Supplementary file 9

Supplementary file 10

Transparent reporting form

Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)

Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)

Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)