Early detection of cerebrovascular pathology and protective antiviral immunity by MRI
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, United States
- Duke University School of Medicine, United States
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Even patients that survive CNS infections can have lasting neurological dysfunction resulting from immune and pathogen induced pathology. Developing approaches to noninvasively track pathology and immunity in the infected CNS is crucial for patient management and development of new therapeutics. Here, we develop novel MRI-based approaches to monitor virus-specific CD8+ T cells and their relationship to cerebrovascular pathology in the living brain. We studied a relevant murine model in which a neurotropic virus (vesicular stomatitis virus) was introduced intranasally and then entered the brain via olfactory sensory neurons - a route exploited by many pathogens in humans. Using T2*-weighted high-resolution MRI, we identified small cerebral microbleeds as an early form of pathology associated with viral entry into the brain. Mechanistically, these microbleeds occurred in the absence of peripheral immune cells and were associated with infection of vascular endothelial cells. We monitored the adaptive response to this infection by developing methods to iron label and track individual virus specific CD8+ T cells by MRI. Transferred antiviral T cells were detected in the brain within a day of infection and were able to reduce cerebral microbleeds. These data demonstrate the utility of MRI in detecting the earliest pathological events in the virally infected CNS as well as the therapeutic potential of antiviral T cells in mitigating this pathology.
Data availability
The source data of this study wilb be available in Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5hwp)
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Dataset for: Early detection of cerebrovascular pathology and protective antiviral immunity by MRIDryad Digital Repository, doi:10.5061/dryad.79cnp5hwp.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
the National Institute of Health
- Alan P Koretsky
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Reviewing Editor
- Gabrielle T Belz, The University of Queensland, Australia
Version history
- Received: October 5, 2021
- Preprint posted: October 22, 2021 (view preprint)
- Accepted: May 5, 2022
- Accepted Manuscript published: May 5, 2022 (version 1)
- Version of Record published: May 13, 2022 (version 2)
Copyright
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
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Early detection of cerebrovascular pathology and protective antiviral immunity by MRI
eLife 11:e74462.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.74462
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