A CD4+ T cell reference map delineates subtype-specific adaptation during acute and chronic viral infections
- University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Rochester, United States
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, United States
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical orchestrators of immune responses against a large variety of pathogens, including viruses. The multifaceted roles of CD4+ T cells, including their help to innate cells, CD8+ T and B cells and their support for long-lived immunity rely on a profound functional heterogeneity. While multiple CD4+ T cell subtypes and their key transcriptional regulators have been identified, there is a lack of consistent definition for CD4+ T cell transcriptional states. In addition, the progressive changes affecting CD4+ T cell subtypes during and after immune responses remain poorly defined. Taking advantage of single-cell transcriptomics, efficient computational methods, and robust animal models, we characterize the transcriptional landscape of CD4+ T cells responding to self-resolving and chronic viral infections. We build a comprehensive map of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and their evolution over time, and identify six major distinct cell states that are consistently observed in acute and chronic infections in mice. During the course of acute infections, T cell composition progressively changes from effector to memory states, with subtype-specific gene modules and kinetics. Conversely, T cells in persistent infections fail to transition from effector to memory states, and acquire distinct, chronicity-associated transcriptional programs. By single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analysis, we characterize the clonal structure of virus-specific CD4+ T cells across individuals and T cell subtypes. We find that virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses are essentially private across individuals and that most T cells differentiate into both Tfh and Th1 subtypes irrespective of their TCR, in both acute and chronic infections. Finally, we show that our CD4+ T cell map can be used as a reference to accurately interpret cell states in external single-cell datasets across tissues and disease models. Overall, this study describes a previously unappreciated level of adaptation of the transcriptional states of CD4+ T cells responding to viruses and provides a new computational resource for CD4+ T cell analysis, available online at https://spica.unil.ch.
Data availability
Sequence data are deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus under accession numbers GSE182320 and GSE200635. The new reference atlas can be downloaded (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.16592693) or accessed via the web portal (https://spica.unil.ch/refs/viral-CD4-T). All code sources are available at https://github.com/carmonalab
-
Single-cell gene expression of virus-specific CD4 T cells in response to acute and chronic infectionNCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE182320.
-
Single-cell gene expression of tumor-specific CD4 T cellsNCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE200635.
-
Single-cell lineage mapping of a diverse virus-specific naïve CD4 T cell repertoireNCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE158896.
-
Single-cell RNA-sequencing of spleen memory CD4+ T cellsNCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE134157.
-
Single-cell gene expression of anti-viral WT and Thpok-deficient effector and memory T cellsNCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE121002.
Article and author information
Author details
Ariel Tjitropranoto
Santiago J Carmona
Funding
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PZ00P3_180010)
- Santiago J Carmona
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Ethics
Animal experimentation: This study was performed under the protocol UCAR 2020-003 approved by the University of Rochester Committee on Animal Resources.
Copyright
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Metrics
-
- 6,647
- views
-
- 797
- downloads
-
- 29
- citations
Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife.
Download links
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
A CD4+ T cell reference map delineates subtype-specific adaptation during acute and chronic viral infections
eLife 11:e76339.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.76339
Further reading
-
- Immunology and Inflammation
- Medicine
Preterm infants are susceptible to neonatal sepsis, a syndrome of pro-inflammatory activity, organ damage, and altered metabolism following infection. Given the unique metabolic challenges and poor glucose regulatory capacity of preterm infants, their glucose intake during infection may have a high impact on the degree of metabolism dysregulation and organ damage. Using a preterm pig model of neonatal sepsis, we previously showed that a drastic restriction in glucose supply during infection protects against sepsis via suppression of glycolysis-induced inflammation, but results in severe hypoglycemia. Now we explored clinically relevant options for reducing glucose intake to decrease sepsis risk, without causing hypoglycemia and further explore the involvement of the liver in these protective effects. We found that a reduced glucose regime during infection increased survival via reduced pro-inflammatory response, while maintaining normoglycemia. Mechanistically, this intervention enhanced hepatic oxidative phosphorylation and possibly gluconeogenesis, and dampened both circulating and hepatic inflammation. However, switching from a high to a reduced glucose supply after the debut of clinical symptoms did not prevent sepsis, suggesting metabolic conditions at the start of infection are key in driving the outcome. Finally, an early therapy with purified human inter-alpha inhibitor protein, a liver-derived anti-inflammatory protein, partially reversed the effects of low parenteral glucose provision, likely by inhibiting neutrophil functions that mediate pathogen clearance. Our findings suggest a clinically relevant regime of reduced glucose supply for infected preterm infants could prevent or delay the development of sepsis in vulnerable neonates.
-
- Immunology and Inflammation
Synovium is home to immune and stromal cell types that orchestrate inflammation following a joint injury; in particular, macrophages are central protagonists in this process. We sought to define the cellular and temporal dynamics of the synovial immune niche in a mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), and to identify stromal-immune crosstalk mechanisms that coordinate macrophage function and phenotype. We induced PTOA in mice using a non-invasive tibial compression model of anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR). Single-cell RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry were used to assess immune cell populations in healthy (Sham) and injured (7 and 28 days post-ACLR) synovium. Characterization of synovial macrophage polarization states was performed, alongside computational modeling of macrophage differentiation, as well as implicated transcriptional regulators and stromal-immune communication axes. Immune cell types are broadly represented in healthy synovium, but experience drastic expansion and speciation in PTOA, most notably in the macrophage portion. We identified several polarization states of macrophages in synovium following joint injury, underpinned by distinct transcriptomic signatures, and regulated in part by stromal-derived macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling. The transcription factors Pu.1, Cebpα, Cebpβ, and Jun were predicted to control differentiation of systemically derived monocytes into pro-inflammatory synovial macrophages. In summary, we defined different synovial macrophage subpopulations present in healthy and injured mouse synovium. Nuanced characterization of the distinct functions, origins, and disease kinetics of macrophage subtypes in PTOA will be critical for targeting these highly versatile cells for therapeutic purposes.
