Feedback responses can be classified along three dimensions: the sensory modality on which they rely (vertical axis), their post-perturbation latency (horizontal axis), and the function they perform …
(a) Schematic representation of the apparatus from a top view. Participants could move their arm in a horizontal plane. Background forces were applied to pre-activate the extensor muscles (dashed …
(a) Contrast used to observe the LLR. Background loads are not drawn here for clarity. (b) Example trajectories for one participant for an outward (blue) or inward (brown) target. (c) Schematic …
(a) Schematic representation of the apparatus from a top view. Participants could move their arm in a horizontal plane. Background forces were applied to pre-activate the extensor muscles (dashed …
(a) Schematic of task design for Proprioception-cued Reaction Times. Participants were informed to initiate an elbow extension by a small mechanical perturbation at the shoulder (solid black arrow). …
(a) Schematic representation of the apparatus from a top view. Participants could move their arm in a horizontal plane. 2 N·m Background forces were applied to pre-activate the extensor muscles …
(a) Schematic representation of the apparatus from a top view. Participants could move their arm in a horizontal plane. 2 N·m Background forces were applied to pre-activate the extensor muscles …
Reward can impact a feedback loop response by increasing feedback gains or reducing latency. The color code indicates function and is identical to the one in Figure 1. Results for the Alternative …
Trials where reward was provided are colorcoded in green, and trials where no reward was provided are color-coded in red. The triangle indicates the starting position from which the perturbation …
The blue line indicates the true latency of signal divergence.
This table indicates the correspondence between tasks and published work used, and the feedback responses assessed in the present study. RT, reaction time.
Feedback response | Task | Reference |
---|---|---|
SLR | In-Out Target task | |
LLR | ||
Target Selection | Target Selection | |
Target Jump | Target Jump | |
Cursor Jump | Cursor Jump | |
Proprioception-cued RTs | Proprioception-cued RTs | |
Vision-cued RTs | Stillings et al., 1968 | |
Alternative Target | Carroll et al., 2019 | |
Choice RTs | (Data set re-analysed) | Codol et al., 2020a |
Task | Condition | Scaler | Shifter | τ | MTmax (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reaction Time | N/A | 1 | 0 | 2.447 | 728 |
Cursor Jump | Inward | 0.996 | –0.029 | 4.273 | 2781 |
No jump | 0.667 | 0.079 | 5.433 | 2335 | |
Outward | 0.996 | –0.041 | 3.958 | 2864 | |
Target Jump | Inward | 0.999 | –0.026 | 4.281 | 2697 |
No jump | 0.683 | –0.040 | 3.893 | 2882 | |
Outward | 0.999 | –0.054 | 3.853 | 2690 | |
Target Selection | One target Inward Pert. | 0.676 | –0.034 | 6.236 | 1673 |
One target Outward Pert. | 0.690 | 0.004 | 5.534 | 2241 | |
Two targets Inward Pert. | 0.749 | –0.021 | 4.904 | 2373 | |
Two targets Outward Pert. | 0.749 | 0.009 | 5.350 | 2208 |