(A) All speech features are divided into high and low word entropy conditions (B) TRFs for each brain source are generated by the linear regression model that estimates the source localized MEG …
(A) Accuracy improvement (averaged over the sources in whole brain) by each feature for Dutch Stories (B) Accuracy improvement (averaged over the sources in whole brain) by each feature for French …
Light orange and light green represent Low Word Entropy condition, dark orange and dark green represent High Word Entropy condition for Dutch and French stories, respectively. (A) Reconstruction …
(A) Phoneme Onset TRF (B) Phoneme Surprisal TRF (C) Phoneme Entropy TRF Lines on the graphs in Figure A-C show the mean and shaded areas show the standard error of the mean. (D) Sources where the …
Light orange and light green represent Low Word Entropy condition, dark orange and dark green represent High Word Entropy condition for Dutch and French stories, respectively. (A) Reconstruction …
(A) Phoneme Onset TRF (B) Phoneme Surprisal TRF (C) Phoneme Entropy TRF Lines on the graphs in Figure A-C show the mean and shaded areas show the standard error of the mean.(D) Sources where the …
(A) Phoneme Onset (Left Hemisphere – LH on the left, Right Hemisphere RH on the right). (B) Phoneme Surprisal. (C) Phoneme Entropy. Lines on the graphs in Figure A-C show the mean and shaded areas …
High (Left) and Low (Right) Word Entropy Conditions for French (Below) and Dutch (Top) Stories.
Estimate | Std. Error | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 2.86E-03 | 2.38E-04 | 12.00 | 2.16E-11 | *** |
Language (French - Dutch) | –7.70E-04 | 1.57E-04 | –4.91 | 5.64E-05 | *** |
Phon. Onset – Acoustic | 5.50E-05 | 1.14E-05 | 4.82 | 3.04E-06 | *** |
Phon. Surprisal – Phon. Onset | 7.90E-05 | 1.14E-05 | 6.91 | 7.51E-11 | *** |
Phon. Entropy – Phon. Surprisal | 1.33E-04 | 1.14E-05 | 11.63 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Word Frequency – Phon. Entropy | 1.48E-04 | 1.14E-05 | 12.95 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Language: Phon. Onset – Acoustic | –3.64E-05 | 1.62E-05 | –2.25 | 2.55E-02 | * |
Language: Phon. Surprisal – Phon. Onset | –5.97E-05 | 1.62E-05 | –3.70 | 2.88E-04 | *** |
Language: Phon. Entropy – Phon. Surprisal | –1.04E-04 | 1.62E-05 | –6.45 | 9.83E-10 | *** |
Language:Word Frequency – Phon. Entropy | –1.30E-04 | 1.62E-05 | –8.07 | 9.12E-14 | *** |
****<0.0001, ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05.
Estimate | Std. Error | Df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 2.86E-03 | 2.38E-04 | 23.1 | 11.99 | 2.14E-11 | *** |
Phoneme Onset – Acoustic | 5.50E-05 | 1.49E-05 | 92.0 | 3.70 | 3.63E-04 | *** |
Phoneme Surprisal – Phoneme Onset | 7.90E-05 | 1.49E-05 | 92.0 | 5.32 | 7.41E-07 | *** |
Phoneme Entropy – Phoneme Surprisal | 1.33E-04 | 1.49E-05 | 92.0 | 8.94 | 3.82E-14 | *** |
Word Frequency - Phoneme Entropy | 1.48E-04 | 1.49E-05 | 92.0 | 9.96 | 2.84E-16 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | Df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 2.09E-03 | 2.09E-04 | 23.0 | 10.00 | 7.54E-10 | *** |
Phoneme Onset – Acoustic | 1.86E-05 | 6.34E-06 | 92.0 | 2.94 | 4.15E-03 | ** |
Phoneme Surprisal – Phoneme Onset | 1.93E-05 | 6.34E-06 | 92.0 | 3.04 | 3.09E-03 | ** |
Phoneme Entropy – Phoneme Surprisal | 2.88E-05 | 6.34E-06 | 92.0 | 4.54 | 1.70E-05 | *** |
Word Frequency - Phoneme Entropy | 1.76E-05 | 6.34E-06 | 92.0 | 2.78 | 6.54E-03 | ** |
****<0.0001, ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05.
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4.22E-05 | 6.83E-06 | 31.58 | 6.18 | 6.83E-07 | *** |
hemisphere_right | –1.06E-05 | 5.26E-06 | 167.00 | –2.02 | 4.55E-02 | * |
****<0.0001, ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05.
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 5.16E-06 | 3.05E-06 | 41.24 | 1.69 | 9.80E-02 | . |
hemisphere_right | –1.52E-06 | 3.10E-06 | 167.00 | –0.49 | 6.26E-01 |
****<0.0001, ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05.
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 8.68E-04 | 8.17E-05 | 26.4 | 10.62 | 5.11E-11 | *** |
French | –8.49E-04 | 6.75E-05 | 35.1 | –12.58 | 1.46E-14 | *** |
Low Word Entropy | –2.69E-04 | 4.21E-05 | 118.0 | –6.38 | 3.65E-09 | *** |
Right Hemisphere | 1.22E-04 | 9.96E-05 | 23.0 | 1.23 | 2.33E-01 | |
French: Low Word Entropy | 3.74E-04 | 5.96E-05 | 118.0 | 6.29 | 5.69E-09 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 6.83E-05 | 1.66E-05 | 32.8 | 4.11 | 2.45E-04 | *** |
French | 8.85E-05 | 1.10E-05 | 141.0 | 8.03 | 3.48E-13 | *** |
Low Word Entropy | –6.08E-05 | 1.10E-05 | 141.0 | –5.52 | 1.61E-07 | *** |
Right Hemisphere | 4.11E-05 | 1.94E-05 | 23.0 | 2.12 | 4.49E-02 | * |
French: Low Word Entropy | –9.54E-05 | 1.56E-05 | 141.0 | –6.12 | 8.76E-09 | *** |
****<0.0001, ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05.
Estimate | Std. Error | Df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 8.14E-05 | 7.03E-06 | 39.1 | 11.57 | 3.36E-14 | *** |
French | –8.00E-05 | 5.62E-06 | 141.0 | –14.23 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Low Word Entropy | –5.00E-05 | 5.62E-06 | 141.0 | –8.89 | 2.61E-15 | *** |
Right Hemisphere | –5.32E-06 | 7.61E-06 | 23.0 | –0.70 | 4.91E-01 | |
French: Low Word Entropy | 3.67E-05 | 7.95E-06 | 141.0 | 4.61 | 8.87E-06 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 8.38E-05 | 1.70E-05 | 32.0 | 4.93 | 2.44E-05 | *** |
French | 7.70E-05 | 1.09E-05 | 141.0 | 7.06 | 7.15E-11 | *** |
Low Word Entropy | –8.18E-05 | 1.09E-05 | 141.0 | –7.49 | 6.76E-12 | *** |
Right Hemisphere | 3.30E-05 | 1.92E-05 | 23.0 | 1.72 | 9.89E-02 | |
French: Low Word Entropy | –7.44E-05 | 1.54E-05 | 141.0 | –4.82 | 3.66E-06 | *** |
****<0.0001, ***<0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05.
Story Part | Language | Duration | Speaker | Parts used in analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anderson_S01_P01 | NL | 4 min 58 s | Woman 1 | Dutch Part 1 |
Anderson_S01_P02 | NL | 5 min 17 s | Woman 1 | Dutch Part 1 |
Anderson_S01_P03 | NL | 4 min 49 s | Woman 1 | Dutch Part 1 |
Anderson_S01_P04 | NL | 5 min 50 s | Woman 1 | Dutch Part 1 |
Grimm_23_1 | NL | 5 min 3 s | Woman 2 | Dutch Part 2 |
Grimm_23_2 | NL | 5 min 32 s | Woman 2 | Dutch Part 2 |
Grimm_23_3 | NL | 5 min 2 s | Woman 2 | Dutch Part 2 |
Grimm_20_1 | NL | 6 min 6 s | Woman 2 | Dutch Part 2 |
ANGE_part1 | FR | 4 min 34 s | Woman 3 | French Part 1 |
BALL_part1 | FR | 4 min 58 s | Woman 3 | French Part 1 |
EAUV_part1 | FR | 5 min 43 s | Man 1 | French Part 1 |
EAUV_part2 | FR | 6 min 1 s | Man 1 | French Part 1 |
Spectrogram | Acoustic Edge | Phoneme Onset | Phoneme Surprisal | Phoneme Entropy | Word Frequency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acoustic | ![]() | ![]() | ||||
Phoneme Onset | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||
Phoneme Surprisal | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Phoneme Entropy | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Word Frequency | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 3.29E-05 | 5.45E-06 | 43.07 | 6.03 | 3.34E-07 | **** |
French | -2.48E-05 | 4.06E-06 | 164.00 | -6.12 | 6.75E-09 | **** |
Low Word Entropy | -2.00E-05 | 4.06E-06 | 164.00 | -4.92 | 2.10E-06 | **** |
Right Hemisphere | -3.73E-06 | 2.87E-06 | 164.00 | -1.30 | 1.95E-01 | |
French: Low Word Entropy | 1.09E-05 | 5.74E-06 | 164.00 | 1.90 | 5.96E-02 | . |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4.01E-04 | 3.82E-05 | 32.41 | 10.50 | 5.85E-12 | **** |
French | 1.48E-05 | 2.16E-05 | 140.00 | 0.69 | 4.93E-01 | |
Low Word Entropy | -5.78E-06 | 2.64E-05 | 140.00 | -0.22 | 8.27E-01 | |
Right Hemisphere | 9.76E-05 | 4.96E-05 | 28.02 | 1.97 | 5.91E-02 | . |
French: Low Word Entropy | -5.88E-05 | 3.05E-05 | 140.00 | -1.93 | 5.60E-02 | . |
Estimate | Std. Error | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 2.92E-03 | 2.72E-04 | 10.72 | 1.99E-10 | *** |
Language (French – Dutch) | -6.44E-04 | 1.52E-04 | -4.23 | 3.13E-04 | *** |
Phon. Onset – Acoustic | 5.57E-05 | 1.23E-05 | 4.52 | 1.13E-05 | *** |
Phon. Surprisal – Phon. Onset | 8.10E-05 | 1.23E-05 | 6.57 | 5.04E-10 | *** |
Phon. Entropy – Phon. Surprisal | 1.25E-04 | 1.23E-05 | 10.10 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Word Frequency – Phon. Entropy | 1.22E-04 | 1.23E-05 | 9.88 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Language: Phon. Onset – Acoustic | -4.17E-05 | 1.74E-05 | -2.39 | 1.80E-02 | * |
Language: Phon. Surprisal – Phon. Onset | -6.73E-05 | 1.74E-05 | -3.86 | 1.58E-04 | *** |
Language: Phon. Entropy – Phon. Surprisal | -1.06E-04 | 1.74E-05 | -6.09 | 6.30E-09 | *** |
Language:Word Frequency – Phon. Entropy | -1.27E-04 | 1.74E-05 | -7.29 | 8.80E-12 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 2.92E-03 | 2.72E-04 | 10.72 | 2.00E-10 | *** |
Language (French- Dutch) | -1.09E-03 | 1.75E-04 | -6.20 | 2.45E-06 | *** |
Phon. Onset – Acoustic | 5.57E-05 | 1.18E-05 | 4.71 | 4.79E-06 | *** |
Phon. Surprisal – Phon. Onset | 8.10E-05 | 1.18E-05 | 6.86 | 1.03E-10 | *** |
Phon. Entropy – Phon. Surprisal | 1.25E-04 | 1.18E-05 | 10.55 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Word Frequency – Phon. Entropy | 1.22E-04 | 1.18E-05 | 10.32 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Language: Phon. Onset – Acoustic | -4.38E-05 | 1.67E-05 | -2.62 | 9.49E-03 | ** |
Language: Phon. Surprisal – Phon. Onset | -7.34E-05 | 1.67E-05 | -4.40 | 1.87E-05 | *** |
Language: Phon. Entropy – Phon. Surprisal | -1.17E-04 | 1.67E-05 | -7.02 | 4.25E-11 | *** |
Language:Word Frequency – Phon. Entropy | -1.39E-04 | 1.67E-05 | -8.32 | 1.91E-14 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4.92E-05 | 7.45E-06 | 56.11 | 6.60 | 1.56E-08 | *** |
French | -5.92E-05 | 6.46E-06 | 164.00 | -9.17 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Low Word Entropy | -4.89E-05 | 6.46E-06 | 164.00 | -7.57 | 2.62E-12 | *** |
Right Hemisphere | -3.68E-06 | 4.57E-06 | 164.00 | -0.81 | 4.21E-01 | |
French: Low Word Entropy | 4.13E-05 | 9.13E-06 | 164.00 | 4.52 | 1.19E-05 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 1.45E-04 | 3.40E-05 | 45.16 | 4.27 | 1.00E-04 | *** |
French | -2.16E-06 | 2.61E-05 | 164.00 | -0.08 | 9.34E-01 | |
Low Word Entropy | 3.58E-05 | 2.61E-05 | 164.00 | 1.37 | 1.72E-01 | |
Right Hemisphere | 6.05E-05 | 1.85E-05 | 164.00 | 3.28 | 1.27E-03 | ** |
French: Low Word Entropy | -1.20E-04 | 3.69E-05 | 164.00 | -3.24 | 1.43E-03 | ** |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4.97E-05 | 6.73E-06 | 69.14 | 7.39 | 2.55E-10 | *** |
French | -6.57E-05 | 6.37E-06 | 164.00 | -10.31 | 2.00E-16 | *** |
Low Word Entropy | -4.89E-05 | 6.37E-06 | 164.00 | -7.67 | 1.45E-12 | *** |
Right Hemisphere | -4.77E-06 | 4.51E-06 | 164.00 | -1.06 | 2.91E-01 | |
French: Low Word Entropy | 3.78E-05 | 9.01E-06 | 164.00 | 4.20 | 4.38E-05 | *** |
Estimate | Std. Error | df | t value | Pr(>|t|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 1.41E-04 | 3.06E-05 | 47.69 | 4.60 | 3.11E-05 | *** |
French | -4.81E-06 | 2.43E-05 | 164.00 | -0.20 | 8.44E-01 | |
Low Word Entropy | 3.58E-05 | 2.43E-05 | 164.00 | 1.47 | 1.43E-01 | |
Right Hemisphere | 6.87E-05 | 1.72E-05 | 164.00 | 4.00 | 9.69E-05 | *** |
French: Low Word Entropy | -1.33E-04 | 3.44E-05 | 164.00 | -3.87 | 1.55E-04 | *** |