(a) Time course of wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep in the 6 hr following intraperitoneal injections of CNO or saline at light onset (ZT 0). (b) Percentage of time spent in the three vigilance …
(a) Time course of REM sleep expressed as ratio between REM and NREM sleep over the 6 hr following intraperitoneal injections of CNO or saline at light onset (ZT 0). (b) REM/NREM ratio during the …
(a) Representative hypnograms and EEG slow wave activity (0.5–4.0 Hz, 4 s epochs) from one individual mouse after injection of saline (left panel) and 5 mg/kg CNO (right panel). Note the reduced …
(a) Frontal EEG spectra during NREM sleep following CNO injections relative to saline injections for the acute (first 2 hr, left column) and prolonged (6 hr, right column) observation period. Note …
Frontal EEG spectra in 0.25 Hz bins between 0.5 and 30 Hz arranged by vigilance state and time window. Two-way ANOVAs revealed a significant interaction effect between ‘frequency’ and ‘condition’ …
Frontal EEG spectra in 0.25 Hz bins between 0.5 and 30 Hz arranged by vigilance state and time window. Two-way ANOVAs for NREM sleep spectra revealed a significant interaction effect between …
Frontal EEG spectra in 0.25 Hz bins between 0.5 and 30 Hz arranged by vigilance state and time window. Two-way ANOVAs for NREM sleep spectra revealed a significant interaction effect between …
(a) Time course of wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep in the 6 hr following injection of C21 or saline at light onset (ZT 0). (b) Percentage of time spent in the three vigilance states during the …
(a) Time course of REM sleep expressed as the ratio between REM and NREM sleep over the 6 hr following intraperitoneal injections of C21 or saline at light onset (ZT 0). (b) REM/NREM ratio during …
(a) NREM sleep architecture and (b) REM sleep architecture for the 6 hr observation period following C21 injections. (c) Frontal EEG spectra during NREM sleep relative to saline injections for the …
(a) Frontal EEG spectra in 0.25 Hz bins between 0.5 and 30 Hz for the acute (first 2 hr, left) and full (first 6 hr, right) observation time window. For the 2 hr time window, the two-way ANOVA …
Frontal EEG spectra in 0.25 Hz bins between 0.5 and 30 Hz arranged by vigilance state and time window. Note that due to the low number of suitable animals n=3 for the wake condition (because of …
(a) LED anchor screw, bilateral frontal and occipital EEG screws, and cerebellar reference screw. Implant configuration of n=5 mice. (b) Microinfusion cannula, right frontal and occipital EEG …
Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons confirms the robustness of CNO effects on NREM sleep EEG spectra. Note that the stringent α error threshold of p<0.01 (black asterisks) largely …
a) absolute and b) relative EEG spectra. Note that this analysis performed on n=6 animals with artefact-free NREM sleep resembles the EEG spectral changes observed in the 5 and 10 mg/kg CNO condition.
Note that despite the considerably reduced power, all but two previously significant analysis still approach significance (p < 0.1). Further note that the effect sizes are very similar between n=11 …
null-hypothesistesting (mixedeffect models)p-value | effect sizes1 mg/kg CNO | effect sizes5 mg/kg CNO | effect sizes10 mg/kg CNO | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis | ||||||||
n=16 | n=11 | n=16 | n=11 | n=16 | n=11 | n=16 | n=11 | |
Wake (%, 0-2 h) | 0.2504 | 0.4114 | -0.0234 | -0.0489 | -0.3393 | -0.3890 | -0.4815 | -0.3793 |
Wake (%, 0-6 h) | 0.4928 | 0.5702 | 0.1467 | 0.1059 | -0.1715 | -0.2587 | -0.2633 | -0.2145 |
NREM (%, 0-2 h) | 0.0682 | 0.2085 | 0.1157 | 0.1389 | 0.4941 | 0.4915 | 0.6961 | 0.5389 |
NREM (%, 0-6 h) | 0.1661 | 0.3039 | -0.0361 | -0.0416 | 0.4130 | 0.4214 | 0.4630 | 0.3328 |
REM (% of TST, 0-2 h) | 0.0019 | 0.0211 | -0.5802 | -0.6207 | -0.5594 | -0.4037 | -1.2743 | -1.3152 |
REM (% of TST, 0-6 h) | 0.0038 | 0.0863 | -0.4697 | -0.3743 | -0.7724 | -0.5301 | -0.9333 | -0.8488 |
Longest NREM ep. | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.3562 | 0.3616 | 0.9438 | 0.9599 | 1.5129 | 1.2811 |
Av. NREM ep. Dur. | 0.0001 | 0.0028 | 0.1810 | 0.0356 | 1.1430 | 1.1181 | 1.1883 | 0.9655 |
Number of NREM ep. | 0.0010 | 0.0181 | -0.2938 | -0.1339 | -1.0628 | -1.0981 | -1.1989 | -1.0248 |
NREM latency | 0.0463 | 0.1068 | -1.2021 | -1.1337 | -0.3744 | -0.4198 | -0.2424 | -0.1689 |
Longest REM ep. | 0.6266 | 0.7213 | -0.0083 | -0.2382 | 0.1710 | 0.0684 | 0.2450 | 0.0163 |
Av. REM ep. | 0.0232 | 0.0631 | -0.3757 | -0.5302 | 0.5463 | 0.4006 | 0.4111 | 0.1842 |
Number of REM ep. | 0.0047 | 0.0741 | -0.0892 | 0.0870 | -0.7456 | -0.5453 | -0.8710 | -0.5829 |
REM latency | 0.0220 | 0.0532 | 0.8061 | 0.7955 | 0.3202 | 0.3279 | 0.9213 | 0.7851 |
Brief awakenings | 0.0006 | 0.0106 | -0.6271 | -0.4125 | -1.0691 | -0.8290 | -1.5760 | -1.4014 |
NREM before REM | 0.0137 | 0.0577 | 0.7996 | 0.8960 | 0.5317 | 0.6101 | 1.8239 | 1.6994 |
Time spent in wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep after clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) and saline injections.
Sleep architecture after clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) and saline injections.
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep architecture for the first 2 hr after clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) and saline injections.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results for electroencephalography (EEG) spectra following clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) and saline injections.
Sleep parameters after saline and compound 21 (C21) injections.
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep architecture for the first 2 hr after compound 21 (C21) and saline injections.