Ingestible pills reveal gastric correlates of emotions
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Research Hospital, Italy
- Sapienza Università di Roma and Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy
Figures
Figure 1
Illustration of the emotional induction procedure.
Participants were asked to observe five blocks of 24 video clips each. Four blocks were associated with a specific emotion, namely, happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. An additional block consisting of neutral video clips served as control. Video clips were edited color soundless film excerpts, each lasting ~9 s. They were selected and validated by Tettamanti et al., 2012. After each block, participants were asked to respond to an 8-items questionnaire by positioning a computer mouse on 0 (‘Not at all’) – 100 (‘Very much’) visuo-analogue scales (VAS). The emotional induction procedure was repeated three times, each corresponding to the ingestible pill position in the stomach (1) in the small (2) and in the large bowel (3).
© 2024, BioRender Inc. Figure 1 was created using BioRender, edited with Adobe Photoshop 7, and is published under a CC BY-NC-ND license. Further reproductions must adhere to the terms of this license.
Figure 2
Perceived emotions results (pill in the stomach, session 1).
Perceived emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness) measured using 0–100 visuo-analogue scale (VAS) ratings, as a function of the five categories of video clips (disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral) shown during the first session of this study (i.e., when the capsule was in the stomach). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. Significant differences refer to Bonferroni-corrected, Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests (threshold for multiple comparisons was set at 0.0125). ∧ p=0.013; * p≤0.01; ** p≤0.001.
Figure 3
Visceral sensations results (pill in the stomach, session 1).
Perceived visceral sensations (gastric, cardiac, and respiratory) and arousal, measured using 0–100 visuo-analogue scale (VAS) ratings, as a function of the five categories of video clips: disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral shown during the first session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the stomach). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. Significant differences refer to Bonferroni-corrected, Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests (threshold for multiple comparisons was set at 0.0125). ∧ p=0.018; * p≤0.01; ** p≤0.001.
Figure 4
Heart Rate (HR), Heart Rate Variability (RMSSD) and Spontaneous Eye Blinks results.
(A) Shows heart rate, as a function of the five categories of video clips: disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral shown during the first session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the stomach). * p≤0.01; ** p≤0.001. (B) Shows heart rate variability, indexed by RMSSD, as a function of the five categories of video clips: disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral shown during the first session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the stomach). * p≤0.05. (C) Shows the number of spontaneous eye blinks as a function of the five categories of video clips: disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral shown during the first session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the stomach). * p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01. Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively.
Figure 5
Association between the Stomach pH and perceived emotions (three-way interaction between item, stomach pH, and type of video-clip).
This figure illustrates the association between stomach pH and perceived emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness) across the five categories of video clips (disgusting, fearful, happy, neutral, and sad). Notably, it highlights the main differences, primarily observed in the left panel, concerning the disgusting video clips. Panel on the upper right highlights the main differences concerning the fearful video clips. Dots represent participants’ VAS ratings following the different types of video clip, shadows indicate Confidence Intervals. The pH has been mean-centred and scaled. *p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01.
Figure 6
Changes of stomach pH as function of type of video clip (left panel) and time, i.e. datapoints, (right panel).
*p≤0.05; ** p≤0.001.
Figure 7
Gastro-intestinal (GI) markers collected in the present study.
(A) Shows the SmartPill capsule used to record temperature, pH, and pressure of the gut and the intestine as well as a typical graph created by the dedicated MotiliGI software, plotting temperature (blue line), pH (green line), and pressure (orange bars) across the entire the GI tract. (B) Shows the device (PowerLab, ADInstruments Ltd) used to record electrogastrography (EGG) and a typical gastric myoelectric activity of a participant. The 1-channel bipolar electrode montage for the EGG recording is displayed on the left side of the figure.
© 2024, BioRender Inc. Figure 7 was created using BioRender, edited with Adobe Photoshop 7, and is published under a CC BY-NC-ND license. Further reproductions must adhere to the terms of this license.
Appendix 1—figure 1
Perceived emotions results (pill in the small bowel, session 2).
Perceived emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness) measured using 0–100 visuo-analogue scale (VAS) ratings, as a function of the five categories of video-clips (disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral) shown during the second session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the small bowel). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. * p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01.
Appendix 1—figure 2
Perceived emotions results (pill in the large bowel, session 3).
Perceived emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness) measured using 0–100 visuo-analogue scale (VAS) ratings, as a function of the five categories of video-clips (disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral) shown during the third session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the large bowel). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. * p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01.
Appendix 1—figure 3
Visceral sensations results (pill in the small bowel, session 2).
Perceived visceral sensations (gastric, cardiac, and respiratory) and arousal, measured using 0–100 visuo-analogue scale (VAS) ratings, as a function of the five categories of video-clips (disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral) shown during the second session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the small bowel). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. ^ p=0.019; * p≤0.01; ** p≤0.001.
Appendix 1—figure 4
Visceral sensations results (pill in the large bowel, session 3).
Perceived visceral sensations (gastric, cardiac and respiratory) and arousal, measured using 0–100 visuo-analogue scale (VAS) ratings, as a function of the five categories of video-clips: disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral shown during the third session of this study (i.e. when the capsule was in the large bowel). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. ^ p=0.018; * p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01.
Appendix 1—figure 5
Stomach pH influences perceived emotions (two-way interaction between item and gastric pH).
Effects of stomach pH on perceived emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness). * p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01.
Appendix 1—figure 6
Gastric cycle (tachigastric band) results.
Gastric cycle calculated in the tachigastric band as a function of the five categories of video-clips: disgusting, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral shown during the first session of this study (i.e., when the capsule was in the stomach). Boxplots are drawn from the first to the third quartiles, with the horizontal lines representing the medians. The lines extending from the top and bottom of the boxplots represent the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (IQR) from the first and third quartiles, respectively. * p≤0.05.
Author response image 1
Tables
Table 1
Eight-item questionnaire.
English translation and original Italian text of the 8-items questionnaire probing the participants’ emotions, visceral feelings, and arousal after each block of video clips. Ratings were provided along 0–100 VAS scales.
| Construct | Category | Item (English) | Item (Original language: Italian) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional experience | Perceived disgust | How much disgust did you feel? | Quanto disgusto hai provato? |
| Emotional experience | Perceived fear | How much fear did you feel? | Quanta paura hai provato? |
| Emotional experience | Perceived happiness | How much happiness did you feel? | Quanta felicità hai provato? |
| Emotional experience | Perceived sadness | How much sadness did you feel? | Quanta tristezza hai provato? |
| Visceral experience | Perceived gastric sensations | Did you feel retching, stomach contractions, stomach cramps or other gastro-intestinal sensations? | Hai provato conati di vomito, contrazioni gastriche, crampi allo stomaco o altre sensazioni gastrointestinali? |
| Visceral experience | Perceived cardiac sensations | Did you feel your heart change (i.e. accelerate/slow down or beat)? | Hai sentito il tuo cuore cambiare (accelerare/rallentare/ palpitare)? |
| Visceral experience | Perceived breathing sensations | Did you feel your breath change (heavy breath /holding breath/lack of air?) | Hai sentito il tuo respiro cambiare (respirare affannosamente/trattenere il respiro/mancanza d’aria)? |
| Arousal | Perceived arousal | Did watching the clips bored/aroused you? | Vedere i video ti ha annoiato/coinvolto? |
Appendix 1—table 1
Results of Model 1 (pill in the stomach, session 1).
Perceived emotions predicted by the video clip content, type of item and stomach pH, temperature and pressure. Type III analysis of variance table with Satterthwaite’s method.
| Sum Sq | Mean Sq | NumDF | DenDF | F value | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video-clip content | 14864 | 3715.9 | 4 | 460.33 | 11.8690 | 3.475e-09*** |
| Item | 12406 | 4135.2 | 3 | 453.84 | 13.2081 | 2.785e-08*** |
| (Stomach) Pressure | 1321 | 1320.6 | 1 | 286.71 | 4.2182 | 0.04090* |
| (Stomach) pH | 80 | 79.7 | 1 | 96.07 | 0.2545 | 0.61511 |
| (Stomach) T | 314 | 314.3 | 1 | 31.69 | 1.0039 | 0.32397 |
| Video-clip content:Item | 154608 | 12884.0 | 12 | 453.84 | 41.1526 | <2.2e-16*** |
| Video-clip content:(Stomach) Pressure | 918 | 229.4 | 4 | 477.11 | 0.7327 | 0.56993 |
| Video-clip content:(Stomach) pH | 2335 | 583.8 | 4 | 471.88 | 1.8646 | 0.11549 |
| Video-clip content:(Stomach) T | 1905 | 476.3 | 4 | 459.68 | 1.5215 | 0.19478 |
| Item:(Stomach) Pressure | 1262 | 420.6 | 3 | 453.84 | 1.3433 | 0.25969 |
| Item:(Stomach) pH | 7715 | 2571.7 | 3 | 453.84 | 8.2142 | 2.470e-05*** |
| Item:(Stomach) T | 1216 | 405.3 | 3 | 453.84 | 1.2946 | 0.27568 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Stomach) Pressure | 4093 | 341.1 | 12 | 453.84 | 1.0895 | 0.36686 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Stomach) pH | 7433 | 619.4 | 12 | 453.84 | 1.9784 | 0.02456* |
| Video-clip content:item:(Stomach) T | 2293 | 191.0 | 12 | 453.84 | 0.6102 | 0.83407 |
Appendix 1—table 2
Results of the Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests following the triple interaction Video-clip content*Item*Stomach pH of Model 1.
It has been performed, via emtrends function, following the significant triple interaction Video-clip content:item:(Stomach) pH, obtained by running the more conservative version of Model 1.
| Video-clip content | Item | pH | SE | df | T ratio | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disgust | Disgust | –15.64 | 5.75 | 159.00 | –2.72 | 0.01 ** |
| Fearful | Disgust | 6.02 | 3.35 | 152.00 | 1.80 | 0.07 |
| Happy | Disgust | –2.18 | 2.87 | 235.00 | –0.76 | 0.45 |
| Neutral | Disgust | –1.68 | 5.17 | 209.00 | –0.32 | 0.75 |
| Sad | Disgust | 2.98 | 4.38 | 191.00 | 0.68 | 0.50 |
| Disgust | Happy | 21.12 | 5.75 | 159.00 | 3.67 | <0.001*** |
| Fearful | Happy | 7.56 | 3.35 | 152.00 | 2.26 | 0.03* |
| Happy | Happy | 5.94 | 2.87 | 235.00 | 2.08 | 0.04* |
| Neutral | Happy | 3.55 | 5.17 | 209.00 | 0.69 | 0.49 |
| Sad | Happy | 6.04 | 4.38 | 191.00 | 1.38 | 0.17 |
| Disgust | Sad | –2.34 | 5.75 | 159.00 | –0.41 | 0.68 |
| Fearful | Sad | 1.81 | 3.35 | 152.00 | 0.54 | 0.59 |
| Happy | Sad | 0.02 | 2.87 | 235.00 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
| Neutral | Sad | –6.33 | 5.17 | 209.00 | –1.22 | 0.22 |
| Sad | Sad | 4.68 | 4.38 | 191.00 | 1.07 | 0.29 |
| Disgust | Fear | –10.90 | 5.75 | 159.00 | –1.90 | 0.06 |
| Fearful | Fear | 1.02 | 3.35 | 152.00 | 0.31 | 0.76 |
| Happy | Fear | –0.40 | 2.87 | 235.00 | –0.14 | 0.89 |
| Neutral | Fear | –0.98 | 5.17 | 209.00 | –0.19 | 0.85 |
| Sad | Fear | 1.14 | 4.38 | 191.00 | 0.26 | 0.80 |
Appendix 1—table 3
Results of Model 2 (pill in the stomach, session 1).
Stomach pH predicted by the video clip content and the time (i.e. number of datapoint). In this case all the datapoints collected via the Smartpill have been used. Type III analysis of variance table with Satterthwaite’s method.
| Sum Sq | Mean Sq | NumDF | DenDF | F value | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video-clip content | 25.5256 | 6.3814 | 4 | 6043.1 | 22.242 | <2.2e-16*** |
| Time (datapoint) | 5.8059 | 5.8059 | 1 | 6043.2 | 20.237 | 6.971e-06*** |
| Video-clip content:Time (datapoint) | 3.7297 | 0.9324 | 4 | 6043.1 | 3.250 | 0.01133* |
Appendix 1—table 4
Results of the Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests following the double interaction Video-clip content*Item of Model 2.
| Video-clip content | trend | SE | df | T ratio | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disgust | –0.001539 | 0.00121 | 6043 | –1.269 | 0.2045 |
| Fearful | –0.005208 | 0.00118 | 6043 | –4.421 | <0.0001 |
| Happy | 0.000528 | 0.00118 | 6043 | 0.447 | 0.6552 |
| Neutral | –0.003402 | 0.00122 | 6043 | –2.796 | 0.0052 |
| Sad | –0.002463 | 0.00120 | 6043 | –2.049 | 0.0405 |
Appendix 1—table 5
Results of Model 3 (EGG peak frequency_normogastric band, session 1).
Perceived emotions predicted by the video clip content, type of item and EGG normogastric peak frequency. Type III analysis of variance table with Satterthwaite’s method.
| Sum Sq | Mean Sq | NumDF | DenDF | F value | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video-clip content | 13617 | 3404.3 | 4 | 418.86 | 10.1660 | 7.302e-08*** |
| Item | 8180 | 2726.6 | 3 | 405.51 | 8.1422 | 2.819e-05*** |
| Egg peak frequency | 466 | 465.9 | 1 | 402.48 | 1.3913 | 0.2389 |
| Video-clip content:item | 142599 | 11883.3 | 12 | 405.51 | 35.4858 | <2.2e-16*** |
| Video-clip content:egg peak frequency | 823 | 205.7 | 4 | 425.15 | 0.6142 | 0.6526 |
| Item:egg peak frequency | 522 | 173.8 | 3 | 405.51 | 0.5191 | 0.6693 |
| Video-clip content:item:egg peak frequency | 2282 | 190.2 | 12 | 405.51 | 0.5679 | 0.8680 |
Appendix 1—table 6
Results of Model 5 (pill in the small bowel, session 2).
Perceived emotions predicted by the video clip content, type of item and small bowel pH, temperature and pressure. Type III analysis of variance table with Satterthwaite's method.
| Sum Sq | Mean Sq | NumDF | DenDF | F value | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video-clip content | 13778 | 3444.6 | 4 | 478.81 | 12.9585 | 5.013e-10*** |
| Item | 3314 | 1104.6 | 3 | 469.26 | 4.1554 | 0.006374** |
| (Small bowel) Pressure | 78 | 77.7 | 1 | 140.02 | 0.2923 | 0.589630 |
| (Small bowel) pH | 805 | 805.1 | 1 | 69.10 | 3.0289 | 0.086244 |
| (Small bowel) T | 43 | 42.7 | 1 | 30.06 | 0.1607 | 0.691327 |
| Video-clip content:Item | 208270 | 17355.8 | 12 | 469.26 | 65.2925 | <2.2e-16*** |
| Video-clip content:(Small bowel) Pressure | 1003 | 250.7 | 4 | 486.53 | 0.9431 | 0.438650 |
| Video-clip content:(Small bowel) pH | 778 | 194.4 | 4 | 477.46 | 0.7314 | 0.570808 |
| Video-clip content:(Small bowel) T | 181 | 45.4 | 4 | 471.94 | 0.1707 | 0.953324 |
| Item:(Small bowel) Pressure | 1160 | 386.7 | 3 | 469.26 | 1.4546 | 0.226235 |
| Item:(Small bowel) pH | 610 | 203.5 | 3 | 469.26 | 0.7655 | 0.513789 |
| Item:(Small bowel) T | 196 | 65.2 | 3 | 469.26 | 0.2452 | 0.864744 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Small bowel) Pressure | 4598 | 383.2 | 12 | 469.26 | 1.4416 | 0.143390 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Small bowel) pH | 1930 | 160.8 | 12 | 469.26 | 0.6050 | 0.838509 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Small bowel) T | 5273 | 439.4 | 12 | 469.26 | 1.6530 | 0.074340 |
Appendix 1—table 7
Results of Model 6 (pill in the large bowel, session 3).
Perceived emotions predicted by the video clip content, type of item and large bowel pH, temperature and pressure. Type III analysis of variance table with Satterthwaite’s method.
| Sum Sq | Mean Sq | NumDF | DenDF | F value | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video-clip content | 14179 | 3544.7 | 4 | 473.75 | 11.3579 | 8.251e-09 *** |
| Item | 4319 | 1439.7 | 3 | 468.86 | 4.6129 | 0.003418 ** |
| (Large bowel) Pressure | 3 | 2.8 | 1 | 269.21 | 0.0089 | 0.924857 |
| (Large bowel) pH | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 58.50 | 0.0000 | 0.994501 |
| (Large bowel) T | 33 | 33.1 | 1 | 31.27 | 0.1061 | 0.746856 |
| Video-clip content:Item | 159021 | 13251.8 | 12 | 468.86 | 42.4611 | < 2.2e-16 *** |
| Video-clip content:(Large bowel) Pressure | 1165 | 291.2 | 4 | 485.30 | 0.9331 | 0.444414 |
| Video-clip content:(Large bowel) pH | 973 | 243.4 | 4 | 474.95 | 0.7798 | 0.538680 |
| Video-clip content:(Large bowel) T | 720 | 180.1 | 4 | 472.93 | 0.5770 | 0.679421 |
| Item:(Large bowel) Pressure | 343 | 114.2 | 3 | 468.86 | 0.3659 | 0.777669 |
| Item:(Large bowel) pH | 755 | 251.8 | 3 | 468.84 | 0.8069 | 0.490491 |
| Item:(Large bowel) T | 938 | 312.6 | 3 | 468.86 | 1.0017 | 0.391836 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Large bowel) Pressure | 1496 | 124.7 | 12 | 468.86 | 0.3994 | 0.963735 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Large bowel) pH | 2288 | 190.7 | 12 | 468.84 | 0.6109 | 0.833531 |
| Video-clip content:item:(Large bowel) T | 2089 | 174.1 | 12 | 468.86 | 0.5578 | 0.875755 |
Appendix 1—table 8
Emotional video-clips content.
List of emotional video-clips used in the emotional induction task with a brief description in the second column, adapted by Tettamanti et al., 2012.
| Category_Number of the Video-clips | Description of the Video-clips |
|---|---|
| Disgust_1 | A monstrous creature vomits a corrosive fluid on a dead man’s face and dissolves it |
| Disgust_2 | A severed human head is covered with insects |
| Disgust_3 | A man is covered with faecal matter |
| Disgust_4 | Some dishes and a wall are covered with insects |
| Disgust_5 | A man takes a worm off an animal’s wound and holds it |
| Disgust_6 | A monstrous creature vomits a corrosive fluid on a dead man’s foot |
| Disgust_7 | A monstrous creature vomits a corrosive fluid on a dead man’s hand and dissolves it |
| Disgust_8 | A man plunges his hand in a toilet, retracts it covered with faecal matter and almost vomits |
| Disgust_9 | A man removes part of his own skin |
| Disgust_10 | A man vomits in a bowl, a man watches it and another man smells it |
| Disgust_11 | A man takes off his fingernail |
| Disgust_12 | A man eats snails |
| Disgust_13 | Close up on a fly which approaches a severed human hand covered with insects |
| Disgust_14 | Close up on insects |
| Disgust_15 | A man smells a bowl of vomit and drinks it |
| Disgust_16 | A girl vomits on a man’s face |
| Disgust_17 | A man squeezes a purulent dot on his hand |
| Disgust_18 | A man is covered with a substance and tries to remove it from his skin |
| Disgust_19 | Some surgeons perform a surgical operation on a bloodied inhuman creature |
| Disgust_20 | A monstrously shaped egg cracks open and viscous substances spill out |
| Disgust_21 | A bloodied girl whose upper lip is missing bites a man’s neck |
| Disgust_22 | A purulent inhuman organ is being dissected |
| Disgust_23 | A woman vomits on a man’s face |
| Disgust_24 | A monstrous creature is dissected |
| Fear_1 | A girl is approached by a scary creature |
| Fear_2 | A bear roars against a man |
| Fear_3 | A man attacks a woman |
| Fear_4 | A woman is approached by a monster |
| Fear_5 | Several men are falling from a mountain |
| Fear_6 | A woman is held underwater by a scary creature |
| Fear_7 | A woman tries to escape and she is stabbed in her hand |
| Fear_8 | A woman is attacked by a man |
| Fear_9 | A woman is attacked by a scary creature |
| Fear_10 | A man is attacked by a shark |
| Fear_11 | An aeroplane is disrupted during flight |
| Fear_12 | A woman is attacked by an alien |
| Fear_13 | A man is attacked by a shark |
| Fear_14 | A man is tied to a chair with his mouth duct taped |
| Fear_15 | Two climbers hang in the void |
| Fear_16 | A woman is attacked by a man |
| Fear_17 | A woman falls from a mountain |
| Fear_18 | A woman falls from a building |
| Fear_19 | A man is attacked by a man |
| Fear_20 | A man at risk of being crashed |
| Fear_21 | Two man hang on a building ledge |
| Fear_22 | A woman is approached by a monster |
| Fear_23 | A woman is attacked by a man |
| Fear_24 | A man is trapped underwater |
| Happy_1 | Several persons rejoice at a soccer match |
| Happy_2 | Several boys and a man rejoice after scoring a goal in a soccer match |
| Happy_3 | A woman smiles after seeing an old lady beating a young man with her purse |
| Happy_4 | A child smiles while looking at two persons smiling and hugging each other |
| Happy_5 | A woman smiles while looking at a man playing with a child |
| Happy_6 | A woman and a man kiss each other, women claps their hands |
| Happy_7 | A woman and a man run on a shore playing with each other |
| Happy_8 | A man rejoices after scoring a goal in a soccer match |
| Happy_9 | A woman and a man kiss each other |
| Happy_10 | A woman and a man kiss each other |
| Happy_11 | A woman and a man play together |
| Happy_12 | A man and a woman laugh together |
| Happy_13 | A man hugs a woman |
| Happy_14 | A man and a woman smile while looking at a dog lactating her puppies |
| Happy_15 | Several persons dance and a girl laughs |
| Happy_16 | A woman and a man laugh together |
| Happy_17 | A girl opens a present, a woman kisses her |
| Happy_18 | A man scores a goal in a soccer match |
| Happy_19 | A man hugs his sons |
| Happy_20 | A woman and a man dance and smile at each other |
| Happy_21 | Several persons rejoice at a soccer match |
| Happy_22 | Players celebrating for scoring a goal |
| Happy_23 | Several persons rejoice at a soccer match |
| Happy_24 | Several persons rejoice at a rugby match |
| Sad_1 | A woman cries and holds the hand of a man in a hospital bed |
| Sad_2 | A man cries while holding a dead woman |
| Sad_3 | Two persons are separated as the train leaves |
| Sad_4 | A sick child is in a hospital bed |
| Sad_5 | A man cries while holding a dead woman |
| Sad_6 | A woman kisses the forehead of a dead boy |
| Sad_7 | A woman cries on the phone |
| Sad_8 | A woman cries while holding a dead man |
| Sad_9 | Dead bodies are moved by the waves on the shore |
| Sad_10 | A man cries while holding the bloodied body of a man |
| Sad_11 | A woman cries and hugs a man |
| Sad_12 | A sick woman is in bed, a man holds her hand |
| Sad_13 | A man crying while looking at a dead man |
| Sad_14 | A woman cries, two women hug her |
| Sad_15 | A man holds a dead man |
| Sad_16 | Several dead bodies lay upon the ground |
| Sad_17 | Several persons are in a hospital bed |
| Sad_18 | Dead bodies lay on a shore |
| Sad_19 | Several persons watch three coffins on the ground |
| Sad_20 | A woman and a man hold each other |
| Sad_21 | Three persons cry while holding each other |
| Sad_22 | A man looks upon a dead body |
| Sad_23 | A woman closes herself in a room and cries |
| Sad_24 | A woman lays a flower on a coffin at a funeral, another woman watches |
| Neutral_1 | Two men, one speaking and the other one listening |
| Neutral_2 | A woman opening the window of the dog kennel in an old mansion |
| Neutral_3 | A woman meets a man at the train station |
| Neutral_4 | A woman takes the computer from a bag and puts it on a table |
| Neutral_5 | Several persons observe drawings and sculptures |
| Neutral_6 | Several persons talk and walk in an office |
| Neutral_7 | A woman walks in a large building, several other persons in the background |
| Neutral_8 | Two waiters greet several persons entering a room |
| Neutral_9 | A man closes the door and walks away |
| Neutral_10 | A man works in a building site, several other men working in the background |
| Neutral_11 | A woman in a boat sits and opens a book |
| Neutral_12 | Several persons walking in a corridor, a woman enters an office |
| Neutral_13 | Men carving and moving large cinematographic props |
| Neutral_14 | A woman and a man speak while cleaning the kitchen |
| Neutral_15 | A woman walks down the road, some children on bikes wave at her |
| Neutral_16 | A women’s meeting, one speaks while the others nod |
| Neutral_17 | A woman hoovers a room |
| Neutral_18 | A man walks in the countryside while reading |
| Neutral_19 | A man writes while sitting on the outside of a ferry |
| Neutral_20 | Different scenes from a food market |
| Neutral_21 | A woman types at the computer and lifts the receiver |
| Neutral_22 | A man and two young men talk by the phone |
| Neutral_23 | A man drawing |
| Neutral_24 | A man cleans the leaves off the yard |
Author response table 1
Type III Analysis of Variance Table with Satterthwaite's method.
| Sum Sq | Sum Sq | NumDF | DenDF F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| district | 1509.5 | 754.74 | 2 1681.4 | 9023 | < 2.2e-16 *** |
Author response table 2
anova(Stomach_VASvalence,type=3,ddf="Satterthwaite") Type III Analysis of Variance Table with Satterthwaite's method.
| Sum Sq | Mean Sq | NumDF | DenDF | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| valence | 12073 | 12072.7 | 1 | 507.44 | 23.6486 | 1.545e-06 *** |
| item | 43487 | 14495.8 | 3 | 502.15 | 28.3949 | < 2.2e-16 *** |
| zpressure | 832 | 832.5 | 1 | 414.53 | 1.6307 | 0.20232 |
| zpH | 1585 | 1585.0 | 1 | 191.59 | 3.1047 | 0.07911 |
| zT | 1277 | 1276.6 | 1 | 107.39 | 2.5007 | 0.11673 |
| valence:item | 69907 | 23302.4 | 3 | 502.15 | 45.6456 | < 2.2e-16*** |
| valence: zpressure | 253 | 252.6 | 1 | 520.36 | 0.4947 | 0.48213 |
| valence:zpH | 762 | 761.9 | 1 | 508.95 | 1.4925 | 0.22240 |
| valence:zT | 691 | 690.9 | 1 | 506.45 | 1.3534 | 0.24523 |
| item:zpressure | 1810 | 603.5 | 3 | 502.15 | 1.1821 | 0.31596 |
| item:zpH | 1736 | 578.7 | 3 | 502.15 | 1.1336 | 0.33493 |
| item:zT | 375 | 125.0 | 3 | 502.15 | 0.2448 | 0.86503 |
| valence: zpressure | 2025 | 675.1 | 3 | 502.15 | 1.3225 | 0.26627 |
| valence:zpH | 130 | 43.5 | 3 | 502.15 | 0.0852 | 0.96814 |
| valence:zT | 200 | 66.7 | 3 | 502.15 | 0.1307 | 0.94183 |
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Ingestible pills reveal gastric correlates of emotions
eLife 13:e85567.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.85567
