(A) In the memory-guided localization (MGL) paradigm, participants were asked to memorize and then localize the position of the target circle following a random delay interval of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 8 …
(A) Recall error, (B) recall precision, and (C) reaction time as a function of distance for the memory-guided localization (MGL) paradigm. (D–F) The same as a function of delay interval. (G) Recall …
Statistical reports corresponding to Figure 2.
(A) von Mises SD (circular standard deviation of von Mises distribution), (B) Target response (probability of response around the target value), (C) swap error (probability of response around the …
Statistical reports corresponding to Figure 3 and Figure 3—figure supplement 1.
The nearest-neighbor analysis determined the isolated effect of orientation for healthy control, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) in …
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated the accuracy of (A) memory-guided localization (MGL) and sequential paradigms with (B) 3 bar and (C) 1 bar in distinguishing healthy …
Statistical reports corresponding to Figure 4.
HC (n = 23) | RRMS (n = 16) | SPMS (n = 25) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (F:M) | 13:10 | 14:2 | 17:8 | 0.12 |
Age (year) | 35.9 ± 8.34 | 37.25 ± 6.63 | 39.28 ± 5.56 | 0.25 |
Education (years) | 13.30 ± 2.74 | 13.69 ± 3.34 | 13.56 ± 3.22 | 0.86 |
Cognitive ability† (NL:MCI) | 23:0 | 14:2 | 19:6 | <0.05* |
Disease duration (years) | N/A | 8.562 ± 3.20 | 11.56 ± 3.28 | <0.02* |
EDSS | N/A | 1.28 ± 0.79 | 2.740 ± 1.23 | <0.0002* |
DMT (platform: non-platform) | N/A | 2:14 | 0:25 | 0.07 |
All data, except for the categorical information, are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Gender, cognitive ability, and DMT were compared using the chi-square test. Age and education were compared using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis H test, respectively. Disease duration and EDSS score were compared using Mann–Whitney U test and independent-sample t-test, respectively.
HC = healthy control, RRMS = relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, SPMS = secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, NL = normal (MoCA score ≥26), MCI = mild cognitive impairment (MoCA score = 18–25), EDSS = expanded disability status scale, DMT = disease-modifying therapy, platform treatment = interferon β-1a and glatiramer acetate, non-platform treatment = rituximab, ocrelizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, and natalizumab, N/A = not applicable.
p<0.05.
Assessed based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test classification.
Clinical and demographic data of participants in the memory-guided localization (MGL) paradigm.
HC (n = 46) | RRMS (n = 39) | SPMS (n = 32) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (F:M) | 16:30 | 23:16 | 22:10 | <0.008* |
Age (year) | 30.5 ± 10.37 | 32.03 ± 6.72 | 39.00 ± 6.43 | <10–6* |
Education (years) | 16.95 ± 2.23 | 13.87 ± 3.41 | 13.67 ± 2.73 | <10–7* |
Cognitive ability† (NL: MCI) | 42:4 | 28:11 | 18:13 | <0.003* |
Disease duration (years) | N/A | 6.60 ± 3.84 | 9.37 ± 4.43 | <0.007* |
EDSS | N/A | 1.49 ± 1.01 | 3.86 ± 1.74 | <10–7* |
DMT (platform: non-platform) | N/A | 5:34 | 1:31 | 0.14 |
All data, except for the categorical information, are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
One MoCA value in the SPMS group is missing. Gender, cognitive ability, and DMT were compared using the chi-square test. Age and education were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis H test. Disease duration and EDSS score were compared using an independent-sample t-test and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively. Dunn’s post hoc test was performed following significant results of age and education, and the adjusted p-value following Bonferroni correction for multiple tests are reported: Age: healthy vs. RRMS: p=0.27, healthy vs. SPMS: p<10–6*, and RRMS vs. SPMS: p<0.005*. Education: healthy vs. RRMS: p<10–5*, healthy vs. SPMS: p<10–5*, and RRMS vs. SPMS: p=1.
HC = healthy control, RRMS = relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, SPMS = secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, NL = normal (MoCA score ≥26), MCI = mild cognitive impairment (MoCA score = 18–25), EDSS = expanded disability status scale, DMT = disease-modifying therapy, platform treatment = interferon β-1a and glatiramer acetate, non-platform treatment = rituximab, ocrelizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, and natalizumab, N/A = ot applicable.
p<0.05.
Assessed based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test classification.
Clinical and demographic data of participants in the sequential paradigms.
Hierarchical regression analysis for the MGL paradigm.
Statistical results of reaction time for the MGL paradigm.
Hierarchical regression analysis for the sequential paradigm with 3 bar, high memory load condition.
Statistical results of reaction time for the sequential paradigms (3 bar and 1 bar).
Hierarchical regression analysis for the sequential paradigm with 1 bar, low memory load condition.
Psychophysics data of participants in the MGL paradigm.
Psychophysics data of participants in the sequential paradigm with 3 bar.
Psychophysics data of participants in the sequential paradigm with 1 bar.