Species -shared and -unique gyral peaks on human and macaque brains

  1. Songyao Zhang
  2. Tuo Zhang  Is a corresponding author
  3. Guannan Cao
  4. Jingchao Zhou
  5. Zhibin He
  6. Xiao Li
  7. Yudan Ren
  8. Tao Liu
  9. Xi Jiang
  10. Lei Guo
  11. Junwei Han
  12. Tianming Liu
  1. School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
  2. School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
  3. School of Information Technology, Northwest University, China
  4. College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, China
  5. Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of Georgia, United States
13 figures, 19 tables and 1 additional file

Figures

The spatial distribution of all gyral peaks of human and macaque, as well as their shared and unique gyral peaks.

(a) Top: 192 gyral peak clusters of human on human brain template (Conte69, Van Essen et al., 2012b). Middle: 85 gyral peak clusters of macaque on macaque brain template (Yerkes19, Van Essen et al., 2012a). Bottom: The results of mapping macaque gyral peak clusters on the human brain template by the cross-species registration (Xu et al., 2020). The same color of middle and bottom surface indicates the corresponding peak clusters. (b) Peak clusters shared by human and macaque (LH-25, RH-26). On the same hemisphere of the brain, the corresponding-colored regions on both human and macaque represent the corresponding shared peak clusters. In addition, the color of the left and right hemisphere clusters are not related. (c) Unique peak clusters of two species map on the surface of their respective surface template.

Spatial distribution characteristics of shared and unique gyral peaks.

(a) Pie chart shows the count of shared and unique peaks across different brain networks for both human and macaque. Right panel shows the Cole-Anticevic (CA) networks (Ji et al., 2019) on human surface as a reference. (b) The ratio of shared and unique peaks in each brain network in the Cole-Anticevic (CA) atlas. The pink and green color bins represent ratios of shared and unique peaks, respectively. The dark blue dashed line represents the 50% reference line. For each brain region, the sum of the ratios of shared and unique peaks is equal to 1.

Consistency results of shared and unique peaks of two species.

(a) Mean peak count (± SD) covered by shared and unique peak clusters in two species. ***indicates p<0.001. The t-values for the t-tests in humans and macaques are 4.74 and 2.67, respectively. (b) Linear regression results of the consistency of peak clusters shared between macaque and human brains. The pink and blue colors represent the left and right hemispheres, respectively. The results of the linear regression are depicted in the figure. While there was a positive correlation observed in the consistency of gyral peaks between macaque and human, the obtained p-value for the fitted results exceeded the significance threshold of 0.05.

Peak cluster extraction pipeline.

The two rows represent the human brain and the macaque brain, respectively. (a) Shows the locations of all extracted peaks in an individual. (b) Due to resampling of the human and macaque surface, there is a vertex-to-vertex correspondence between individuals. Therefore, all individual peaks were placed on the template brain surface and undergo isotropic smoothing, resulting in the count map shown in (b), where the highlighted regions indicate a higher frequency of peak occurrences across individuals. (c) shows the results of clustering the count map using watershed algorithm, resulting in peak clusters for both species. A total of 192 peak clusters were detected in the human brain, while 85 peak clusters were detected in the macaque brain.

The original form of AHBA data is region × gene.

The accuracy and MSE line charts of the training set and testing set corresponding to lambda from 10–4 to 1. Purple and orange respectively represent the accuracy and mse obtained by 10-fold cross verification. The final lambda determined is 0.027, which can ensure the maximum accuracy and minimum MSE at the same time.

Appendix 3—figure 1
Macaques share peak clusters display on the surface of the macaque brain template.
Appendix 3—figure 2
Pie chart shows the normalized count of shared and unique peaks across different brain networks both for human and macaque.

Right panel shows the Cole-Anticevic (CA) networks (Ji et al., 2019) on human surface as a reference.

Appendix 4—figure 1
Confidence of shared peak clusters.

(a) Location of shared peaks. (b) Confidence of shared peak clusters defined by the coincidence rate of clusters between human and macaque. (c) Confidence of shared peak clusters defined by the distance of cluster centers between human and macaque.

Author response image 1
Pie chart shows the count of shared and unique peaks across different brain networks for both human and macaque.

Right panel shows the Cole-Anticevic (CA) networks (Ji et al. 2019) on human surface as a reference.

Author response image 2
The ratio of shared and unique peaks in each brain network in the Cole-Anticevic (CA) atlas.

The pink and green color bins represent ratios of shared and unique peaks, respectively. The dark blue dashed line represents the 50% reference line. For each brain region, the sum of the ratios of shared and unique peaks is equal to 1.

Author response image 3
Pie chart shows the count of shared and unique peaks across different brain networks for both human and macaque.

Right panel shows the Cole-Anticevic (CA) networks (Ji et al. 2019) on human surface as a reference.

Author response image 4
Shared peak clusters of macaque, shows on macaque brain template.
Author response image 5
Consistency results of shared and unique peaks of two species.

(a) Mean peak count (± SD) covered by shared and unique peak clusters in two species.***indicates p<0.001. The t-values for the t-tests in humans and macaques are 4.74 and 2.67, respectively. (b) Linear regression results of the consistency of peak clusters shared between macaque and human brains. The pink and blue colors represent the left and right hemispheres, respectively. The results of the linear regression are depicted in the figure. While there was a positive correlation observed in the consistency of gyral peaks between macaque and human, the obtained p-value for the fitted results exceeded the significance threshold of 0.05.

Tables

Table 1
The number of shared and unique peaks in lower- and higher-order brain networks of the two species.

Lower-order networks include visual 1 (V1), visual 2 (V2), auditory (Aud), somatomotor (SMN), posterior multimodal (PMN), ventral multimodal (VMN), and orbito-affective networks (OAN), higher order networks include cingulo-opercular (CON), dorsal attention (DAN), language (Lan), frontoparietal (FPN), default-mode network (DMN).

Lower/Higher cortexHumanMacaque
Shared peak33/1829/22
Unique peak37/10414/20
Table 2
The mean (± SD) of anatomical features, as well as the p-values and t-values of the t-test between shared and unique peak clusters.

In the t-test, n for human is 880 and for macaque is 591. The bold font is the one with the larger values of shared and unique peaks.

HumanMacaque
SulcCurvMyelinThicknessAreaSulcCurvArea
Shared0.93±0.050.31±0.021.85±0.102.71±0.141.19±0.090.86±0.030.55±0.030.94±0.44
Unique0.79±0.050.32±0.011.83±0.112.94±0.121.09±0.050.80±0.040.58±0.030.91±0.17
p<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.0010.59
t58.43–16.266.51–36.6730.436.07–5.320.54
Table 3
The mean (± SD) functional connectivity characteristics, as well as the p-values and t-values of the t-test between shared and unique peak clusters of human and macaque.

In the t-test, n for human is 880 and for macaque is 591. The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks.

DegreeStrengthCCBetweenessEfficiency
Human FCShared141.13±30.4652.27±22.840.20±0.071.87±0.74(×103)0.25±0.07
Unique119.88±18.0344.35±15.240.19±0.051.46±0.43(×103)0.24±0.06
p<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t7.785.243.944.423.37
Macaque FCShared136.60±21.8943.74±8.850.18±0.052.00±0.50(×103)0.25±0.07
Unique134.69±23.5143.30±8.150.17±0.052.18±0.60(×103)0.24±0.07
p<0.01<0.001<0.01<0.001>0.05
t2.985.012.64–6.520.53
Table 4
The mean values (± SD) of brain regions that appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood for shared and unique peaks in 10 common human atlases.

All the shared peaks in the table have a greater number of neighboring brain regions compared to the unique peaks. All p<0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected.

Atlas NameGlasser2016Schaefer-100Schaefer-200Schaefer-300Vosdewael-100
Share Nbr2.43±0.151.89±0.122.12±0.112.23±0.111.57±0.17
Unique Nbr2.37±0.091.74±0.092.08±0.102.17±0.101.46±0.10
p<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t8.3226.664.5018.0834.09
Atlas NameYeo2011(17)AparcAparc2009BACole-Anticevic
Share Nbr1.76±0.111.58±0.121.95±0.131.58±0.121.65±0.11
Unique Nbr1.73±0.081.33±0.071.94±0.091.29±0.081.57±0.07
p<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t22.2956.373.8069.8422.44
Table 5
The mean values (± SD) of brain regions that appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood for shared and unique peaks in 3 common macaque atlases.

For both Markov91 and Cole-Anticevic atlas, the shared peaks has more variety of functional regions around it than the unique peaks. But for the altas BA05, the conclusion was reversed. The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks. All p<0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected.

Atlas NameMarkov91Cole-AnticevicBA05
Share Nbr2.73±0.271.77±0.171.61±0.16
Unique Nbr2.16±0.151.58±0.161.80±0.16
p<0.001<0.001<0.001
t–7.414.936.49
Table 6
Seven genes were selected using LASSO that showed significant differential expression in shared and unique peaks.
Gene symbolGene function
PECAM1The protein encoded by this gene is found on the surface of platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and some types of T-cells, and makes up a large portion of endothelial cell intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is likely involved in leukocyte migration, angiogenesis, and integrin activation. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]
TLR1The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
SNAP29This gene, belonging to the SNAP25 gene family, encodes a protein involved in various membrane trafficking processes. Other members of this gene family, such as SNAP23 and SNAP25, encode proteins that bind to a syntaxin protein and facilitate the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicle membranes with the plasma membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
DHRS4Exhibits protein binding and oxidoreductase activities, involved in cellular metabolic processes including ketone metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species, and steroid metabolism. Found in the nucleus and peroxisomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
BHMT2Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is crucial for methylation reactions. The protein encoded by this gene is one of two methyltransferases that facilitate the transfer of a methyl group from betaine to homocysteine. Irregularities in homocysteine metabolism have been linked to conditions ranging from vascular disease to neural tube birth defects. This gene has alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]
PLBD1Predicted to enable phospholipase activity. Predicted to be involved in phospholipid catabolic process. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
KCNH5This gene encodes a member of voltage-gated potassium channels. Members of this family have diverse functions, including regulating neurotransmitter and hormone release, cardiac function, and cell volume. This protein is an outward-rectifying, noninactivating channel. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]
Appendix 1—table 1
Parameter selection of gyral peaks detection in human and macaque.
AssignmentsParametersMeaningsHumanMacaque
Detect Individual PeaksxSearch peaks ring43
Anisotropic SmoothkAnisotropic Smooth ring11
nSmooth iteration2020
Watershed ClusteringfgMinimum count value for cluster coverage454
bgMaximum count value for cluster coverage20928
mergeDeterminants of whether two clusters are merged73
Appendix 2—table 1
The location of human peak clusters.
LocationHuman Cluster NumberLocationHuman Cluster Number
G_and_S_frontomargin61G_oc-temp_med-Parahip3,9,15,63,74,108
G_and_S_occipital_inf120,130G_orbital20,25,52,55,60,62,64,69,92,113
G_and_S_paracentral2,28G_pariet_inf-Angular175,189
G_and_S_subcentral23,38G_pariet_inf-Supramar156,171,172
G_and_S_transv_frontopol51,182G_parietal_sup140,178,185,187
G_and_S_cingul-Ant40,44,89,105,115,162,186G_postcentral33,35,99,109,124,139,153,170
G_and_S_cingul-Mid-Ant49,70,72,158G_precentral18,39,53,65,66,67,87,90,107
G_and_S_cingul-Mid-Post45,79G_precuneus88,100,117,143,180,192
G_cingul-Post-dorsal26,37,78,98,102G_rectus7,13,22,27,41,82
G_cingul-Post-ventral29,150,154G_temp_sup-Lateral47,59,68,81,93,114,116
G_cuneus21,31,34,36G_temporal_inf95,123,128,160
G_front_inf-Opercular42,43,125G_temporal_middle76,104,112,129,173
G_front_inf-Orbital80Pole_occipital1,11,17,24,57,142
G_front_inf-Triangul132,135,138Pole_temporal6,14,106,141,146
G_front_middle131,149,152,165,179,184,188S_calcarine83
G_front_sup46,71,73,75,77,84,85,91,97,118,126,
137,157,161,174,181,183,191
S_front_middle190
G_Ins_lg_and_S_cent_ins16,32,54,119S_front_sup166,169
G_insular_short4,12S_intrapariet_and_P_trans159
G_occipital_middle101,110,121,127,155S_oc-temp_med_and_Lingual151
G_occipital_sup96,103,144,145S_orbital-H_Shaped122
G_oc-temp_lat-fusifor48,58,147,163,164,167S_pericallosal50,94
G_oc-temp_med-Lingual8,10,19,56,133,134,136,148,168,176,177S_subparietal111
Appendix 2—table 2
The location of macaque peak clusters.
LocationMacaque Cluster NumberLocationMacaque Cluster Number
Area 211,15,37,43,48Area 135,7,10,13,16,46,49,54,77
Area 34,32,33,69,74Area 1431,34,50,55,83
Area 49,27,56,70,71Area 1525,26
Area 51,44Area 1614,42,79,85
Area 622,35,58,80Area 203,18,38,39,41,47,51,57,61,62,63
Area 72,6,12,17,28,45,53,60,65,67,76,82Area 218,23,24,30,40,64,66,81
Area 919,29,68,72Area 2375
Area 1220,21,52,59,73,84Area 2436,78
Appendix 3—table 1
Location of shared peak clusters on human.
Clusters in LHLocationClusters in RHLocation
LH Shared 1G_front_supRH Shared 1G_and_S_transv_frontopol
LH Shared 2G_and_S_subcentralRH Shared 2G_postcentral
LH Shared 3G_cuneusRH Shared 3G_temp_sup-Lateral
LH Shared 4G_oc-temp_med-ParahipRH Shared 4G_occipital_sup
LH Shared 5G_temp_sup-LateralRH Shared 5G_orbital
LH Shared 6G_occipital_middleRH Shared 6Pole_temporal
LH Shared 7G_precentralRH Shared 7Pole_occipital
LH Shared 8G_temp_sup-LateralRH Shared 8G_front_inf-Opercular
LH Shared 9G_orbitalRH Shared 9G_temp_sup-Lateral
LH Shared 10G_postcentralRH Shared 10G_oc-temp_med-Parahip
LH Shared 11Pole_temporalRH Shared 11G_precentral
LH Shared 12G_and_S_cingul-Mid-AntRH Shared 12Pole_occipital
LH Shared 13G_oc-temp_med-LingualRH Shared 13G_occipital_middle
LH Shared 14G_parietal_supRH Shared 14G_postcentral
LH Shared 15G_oc-temp_med-LingualRH Shared 15Pole_occipital
LH Shared 16Pole_occipitalRH Shared 16G_precuneus
LH Shared 17G_oc-temp_med-ParahipRH Shared 17G_precentral
LH Shared 18G_and_S_occipital_infRH Shared 18G_pariet_inf-Supramar
LH Shared 19S_front_supRH Shared 19G_front_sup
LH Shared 20Pole_temporalRH Shared 20Unkown
LH Shared 21G_precentralRH Shared 21G_temp_sup-Lateral
LH Shared 22G_cingul-Post-ventralRH Shared 22G_cingul-Post-ventral
LH Shared 23Pole_occipitalRH Shared 23G_and_S_cingul-Mid-Ant
LH Shared 24Pole_occipitalRH Shared 24G_oc-temp_lat-fusifor
LH Shared 25G_and_S_cingul-Mid-AntRH Shared 25G_oc-temp_med-Lingual
RH Shared 26G_and_S_cingul-Mid-Post
Appendix 6—table 1
The mean (± SD) structural connectivity characteristics of shared and unique peak clusters of human.

The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks. *indicates P<0.05; **indicates P<0.01,***indicates P<0.001

DegreeStrengthCCBetweenessEfficiency
Shared31.37±5.0432.29±5.790.23±0.045.50±2.12(×103)0.43±0.05
Unique31.79±3.2329.46±3.430.19±0.025.10±1.08(×103)0.39±0.03
p<0.01<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t2.399.0823.015.6621.20
Appendix 7—table 1
The mean values (± SD) of brain regions where shared and unique peaks appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood in 21 common human atlases.

The p-values were corrected by FDR.

Atlas NameYeo2011(7)Glasser2016Schaefer-100Schaefer-200Schaefer-300Schaefer-400Schaefer-500
Share Nbr1.48±0.102.43±0.151.89±0.122.12±0.112.23±0.112.46±0.132.50±0.14
Unique Nbr1.54±0.072.37±0.091.74±0.092.08±0.102.17±0.102.39±0.092.51±0.09
p<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t–8.048.3226.664.5018.0817.607.72
Atlas NameSchaefer-600Schaefer-700Schaefer-800Schaefer-900Schaefer-1000Vosdewael-100Vosdewael-200
Share Nbr2.48±0.142.76±0.142.85±0.162.86±0.123.07±0.141.57±0.171.71±0.11
Unique Nbr2.60±0.102.74±0.102.74±0.122.87±0.093.03±0.101.46±0.101.73±0.08
p<0.0010.39<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t–14.042.4211.98–5.754.2334.097.44
Atlas NameVosdewael-300Vosdewael-400Yeo2011(17)AparcAparc2009BACole-Anticevic
Share Nbr1.96±0.122.21±0.151.76±0.111.58±0.121.95±0.131.58±0.121.65±0.11
Unique Nbr2.02±0.092.32±0.101.73±0.081.33±0.071.94±0.091.29±0.081.57±0.07
p<0.0010.13<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
t5.41–2.8222.2956.373.8069.8422.44
Appendix 8—table 1
The 28 genes selected by LASSO and their corresponding p-values from Welch’s t-test.
Gene SymbolpGene SymbolpGene SymbolpGene Symbolp
INPP4A0.76TLR10.02KCNH50.04OTULIN0.18
ITGA10.19TPST10.94TMEM2480.27DTX20.15
JUNB0.57SNAP290.01ANO20.26SERPINB9P10.12
PECAM10.04TRAM20.70PLEKHA30.90LHFPL50.63
PRKCH0.10DHRS40.05PLBD10.01GK50.51
NECTIN10.84LPIN10.34DENND1C0.37ZNF6620.77
SRC0.20BHMT20.01CXXC40.20NAP1L60.58
Author response table 1
The number of shared and unique peaks in lower- and higher-order brain networks of the two species.

Lower-order networks include visual 1 (V1), visual 2 (V2), auditory (Aud), somatomotor (SMN), posterior multimodal (PMN), ventral multimodal (VMN), and orbito-affective networks (OAN), higher-order networks include cingulo-opercular (CON), dorsal attention (DAN), language (Lan), frontoparietal (FPN), default-mode network (DMN).

Lower/Higher
networks
HumanMacaque
Shared peak33//1829//22
Unique peak37//10414//20
Author response table 2
The mean values (± SD) of brain regions that appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood for shared and unique peaks in 3 common macaque atlases.

For both Markov91 and Cole-Anticevic atlas, the shared peaks has more variety of functional regions around it than the unique peaks. But for the altas BA05, the conclusion was reversed. The bold font represent the larger values between the shared peak and unique peaks. All p<0.001, after false discovery rate (FDR) corrected.

Atlas
Name
Markov91Cole-
Anticevic
BA05
Share2.73+-0.271.77+-0.171.61+-0.16
Nbr
Unique2.16+-0.151.58+-0.161.80+-0.16
Nbr
p< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
t-7.414.936.49
Author response table 3
The mean values (± SD) of brain regions that appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood for shared and unique peaks in 10 common human atlases.

All the shared peaks in the table have a greater number of neighboring brain regions compared to the unique peaks. All p<0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected.

Atlas
Name
Glasser2016Schaefer-
100
Schaefer-
200
Schaefer-
300
Vosdewael-
100
Share
Nbr
2.43+-0.151.89+-0.122.12+-0.112.23+-0.111.57+-0.17
Unique
Nbr
2.37+-0.091.74+-0.092.08+-0.102.17+-0.101.46+-0.10
p< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
t8.3226.664.5018.0834.09
Atlas
Name
Yeo2011(17)AparcAparc2009BACole-
Anticevic
Share
Nbr
1.76+-0.111.58+-0.121.95+-0.131.58+-0.121.65+-0.11
Unique
Nbr
1.73+-0.081.33+-0.071.94+-0.091.29+-0.081.57+-0.07
p< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
t22.2956.373.8069.8422.44
Author response table 4
The mean values (± SD) of brain regions where shared and unique peaks appeared within a 3-ring neighborhood in 21 common human atlases.

The p-values were corrected by FDR.

Atlas
Nam
e
Yeo2011
(7)
Glasser2
016
Schaefer-
100
Schaefe
r-200
Schaefe
r-300
Schaefer
-400
Schaefer
-500
Shar
e Nbr
1.48+-0.1
0
2.43+-0.1
5
1.89+-0.1
2
2.12+-0
11
2.23+-0
11
2.46+-0
13
2.50+-0.1
4
Uniq
ue
Nbr
1.54+-0.0
7
2.37+-0.091.74+-0.092.08+-0
10
2.17+-0.1
0
2.39+-0.0
9
2.51+-0
09
p< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
-8.048.3226.664.5018.0817.607.72
Atlas
Nam
e
Schaefer
-600
Schaefer-
700
Schaefer-
800
Schaefe
r-900
Schaefe
r-1000
Vosdew
ael-100
Vosdew
ael-200
Shar
e Nbr
2.48+-0.1
4
2.72.85+-0.1
6
2.86+-0
12
3.07+-0
14
1.57+-0
17
1.71+-0.1
1
Uniq
ue
Nbr
2.60+-0.1
0
2.74+-0.102.74+-0.122.87+-0
09
3.03+-0.1
0
1.46+-0.1
0
1.73+-0
08
p< 0.0010.39< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
-14.042.4211.98-5.754.2334.097.44
Atlas
Nam
e
Vosdewa
el-300
Vosdewa
el-400
Yeo2011(
17)
AparcAparc20
09
BACole-
Anticevi
c
Shar
e Nbr
1.96+-0.1
2
2.21+-0.151.76+-0.1
1
1.58+-0
12
1.95+-0
13
1.58+-0.
12
1.65+-0
11
Uniq
ue
Nbr
2.02+-0.0
9
2.32+-0.101.73+-0.081.33+-0
07
1.94+-0.0
9
1.29+-0.0
8
1.57+-0.0
7
n< 0.001
5.41
0.13
-2.82
< 0.001
22.29
< 0.001
56.37
< 0.001
3.80
< 0.001
69.84
< 0.001
22.44
Author response table 5
The 28 genes selected by LASSO and their corresponding p-values from Welch’s t-test.
Gene
Symbol
pGene
Symbol
pGene
Symbol
pGene
Symbol
p
INPP4A0.76TLR10.02KCNH50.04OTULIN0.18
ITGA10.19TPST10.94TMEM2480.27DTX20.15
JUNB0.57SNAP290.01ANO20.26SERPINB9P10.12
PECAM10.04TRAM20.70PLEKHA30.90LHFPL50.63
PRKCH0.10DHRS40.05PLBD10.01GK50.51
NECTIN10.84LPIN10.34DENND1C0.37ZNF6620.77
SRC0.20BHMT20.01CXXC40.20NAP1L60.58
Author response table 6
Seven genes were selected using LASSO that showed significant differential expression in shared and unique peaks.
Gene
Symbol
ene Function
ECAM1The protein encoded by this gene is found on the surface of platelets,
monocytes, neutrophils, and some types of T-cells, and makes up a large
portion of endothelial cell intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is a
member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is likely involved in
leukocyte migration, angiogenesis, and integrin activation. [provided by
RefSeq, May 2010]
LR1The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)
family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation
of innate immunity. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production
of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. [provided
by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
NAP29This gene, belonging to the SNAP25 gene family, encodes a protein involved
in various membrane trafficking processes. Other members of this gene
family, such as SNAP23 and SNAP25, encode proteins that bind to a syntaxin
protein and facilitate the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicle membranes
with the plasma membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
HRSExhibits protein binding and oxidoreductase activities, involved in cellular
metabolic processes including ketone metabolism, regulation of reactive
oxygen species, and steroid metabolism. Found in the nucleus and
peroxisomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr
2022 ]
HMT2Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is crucial for methylation
reactions. The protein encoded by this gene is one of two methyltransferases
that facilitate the transfer of a methyl group from betaine to homocysteine.
Irregularities in homocysteine metabolism have been linked to conditions
ranging from vascular disease to neural tube birth defects. This gene has
alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different
isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]
LBD1Predicted to enable phospholipase activity. Predicted to be involved in
phospholipid catabolic process. Located in extracellular space. [provided by
Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
CNH5This gene encodes a member of voltage-gated potassium channels. Members
of this family have diverse functions, including regulating neurotransmitter
and hormone release, cardiac function, and cell volume. This protein is an
outward-rectifying, noninactivating channel. Alternative splicing results in
multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

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  1. Songyao Zhang
  2. Tuo Zhang
  3. Guannan Cao
  4. Jingchao Zhou
  5. Zhibin He
  6. Xiao Li
  7. Yudan Ren
  8. Tao Liu
  9. Xi Jiang
  10. Lei Guo
  11. Junwei Han
  12. Tianming Liu
(2024)
Species -shared and -unique gyral peaks on human and macaque brains
eLife 12:RP90182.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.90182.3