Dynamic simulations of feeding and respiration of the early Cambrian periderm-bearing cnidarian polyps
- School of Information Science & Technology, Northwest University, China
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, China
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, China
Figures
Figure 1
Olivooides mirabilis from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage Kuanchuanpu Formation, in Shizhonggou section, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China.
(A) Juvenile stage; (B) prehatched development stage; (C) peridermal apertural view; (D–G) possible internal calyx-like polyp. Solid white dots indicate the pentaradial symmetry. Abbreviations: c, calyx; st, stalk; pe, periderm. Scale bars: (A) 500 μm; (B) 200 μm; (C–F) 300 μm; (G) 400 μm.
Figure 2
Quadrapyrgites quadratacris of the Cambrian Fortunian Stage Kuanchuanpu Formation, in the Zhangjiagou section, Xixiang County.
(A) Polyp stage with uplifted peridermal aperture; (B) apertural view showing concaved peridermal aperture; (C) possible calyx-like polyp with a stalk. (D) A 2D structure of Quadrapyrgites with simplified internal anatomy. Solid white dots indicate the pentaradial symmetry. Abbreviations: eu, exumbrella; su, subumbrella; sc, subumbrellar cavity; te, tentacle; m, mouth; pe, periderm; pa, periderm aperture; st, stalk; ca, calyx. Scale bar: 200 μm.
Figure 3 with 1 supplement
Three-dimensional modelling and meshing of Quadrapyrgites.
(A) A 3D model of Quadrapyrgites; (B) a reduced model of the polyp subumbrella; (C) meshed computational domain and boundary conditions (dashed box in C marks the position of D). Scale bar for (A): 200 μm.
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Details of model and computational domain settings.
(A) Height of Quadrapyrgites; (B) positions of Quadrapyrgites and cut points in computational domain.
Figure 4
Flow velocity profiles of simulations.
(A–D) are the velocity variations with time collected by sampling cut points in all simulations with expansion/contraction time ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, respectively.
Figure 5
Maximum flow velocity data collected by sampling cut points in all simulations with different expansion/contraction time ratios.
Figure 6
2D velocity visualisations of the simulation with expansion/contraction time ratio of 3:1.
(A, C, E, and G) show the status of the polyp subumbrella at different moments. (B, D, F, and H) show the corresponding enlarged views of the polyp, with the white arrows representing the flow direction and velocity magnitude (the size of the arrows is proportional to the natural logarithm of the flow velocity magnitude with a range quotient of 1000) of water flow. (A, B) t=0 s, the polyp is at rest, and the subumbrella opening is in its maximum state. (C, D) t=1.8 s, the subumbrella is in the process of expansion, and the flow velocity near the peridermal aperture has reached its maximum. (E, F) t=3 s, the subumbrella is in its maximum state, and the subumbrella opening is in its minimum state. (G, H) t=3.5 s, the subumbrella is in the process of contraction, and the flow velocity near the peridermal aperture has reached its maximum value. Scale bar: 500 μm.
Figure 7 with 1 supplement
Vortex visualisation of the dynamic process of Quadrapyrgite (the length of arrows was normalised to represent the orientation of velocity).
(A) t=0.1 s, the upper main vortex, and the lower secondary vortex begin to form. (B) t=1 s, contact between the secondary vortex and the lower boundary. (C) t=2 s, the main and secondary vortex is developed to the maximum visualisation range of vorticity. (D, E) t=2.87–2.88 s, separation of the main vortex occurs. (F) t=3 s, the new main vortex of the contraction process formed, the expansion process ended, and the contraction process began. (G, H) t=3.9–4 s, separation of the main vortex occurred. Scale bar: 1000 μm.
Figure 7—animation 1
2D visualisation of vortex (the length of arrows was normalised to represent the orientation of flow velocity).
Author response image 1
An example of modeling gregarious feeding behavior on an uneven seabed.
Author response image 2
Results of mesh refinement study of different boundary layer mesh parameters.
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Dynamic simulations of feeding and respiration of the early Cambrian periderm-bearing cnidarian polyps
eLife 12:RP90211.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.90211.4
