Resistance exercise protects mice from protein-induced fat accretion
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, United States
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin- Madison, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, United States
Figures
Figure 1
Weight pulling protects from high-protein diet-induced weight and fat gain.
(A) Experimental design. (B, C) Food consumption per mouse (B) or normalized to body weight (C) after ~6 wk on the indicated diets. n = 8/group. (D–F) Body weight (D), lean mass (E), and fat mass (F)…
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Figure 1—source data 1
Weight pulling protects from high-protein diet-induced weight and fat gain.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig1-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 2
Dietary protein content and resistance training did not significantly impact liver lipid droplet or inguinal white adipocyte size.
(A–C) Representative Oil-Red-O-stained liver sections from mice in the indicated groups, with quantification of average lipid droplet size (B) and number (C). n = 3–7/group. (D–F) Representative H&E-…
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Figure 2—source data 1
Dietary protein content and resistance training did not significantly impact liver lipid droplet or inguinal white adipocyte size.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig2-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 3 with 1 supplement
Effect of diet and exercise on glycemic control and blood metabolites.
(A, B) Glucose (A) and insulin (B) tolerance tests were performed after 9–10 wk on the diet, respectively, and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. n = 7–8 mice/group. (C–E) Blood was …
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Figure 3—source data 1
Effect of diet and exercise on glycemic control and blood metabolites.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig3-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Low-protein-fed animals have increased energy expenditure (EE) regardless of training regimen.
(A–F) Metabolic chambers were used to examine metabolic parameters after mice were fed the indicated diets for 8–9 wk. These included food consumption (A), spontaneous activity (B), respiratory …
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Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1
Low-protein-fed animals have increased energy expenditure regardless of training regimen.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 4
Strength and muscle growth is maximized by high protein and progressive resistance exercise.
(A–C) Weight pulling was performed three times per week for 12 wk. The average maximum weight pulled each week with area under the curve (AUC) (A) and the number of sets achieved (B) is shown. …
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Figure 4—source data 1
Strength and muscle growth is maximized by high protein and progressive resistance exercise.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig4-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 5 with 1 supplement
Weight pulling and high-protein diet increased flexor digitorum longus (FDL) mass but not mitochondrial respiration.
(A–C) The muscle mass of the FDL in absolute mass (A), normalized to body weight (B), and (C) normalized to tibia length. n = 8/group. (D–H) Mitochondrial respiration parameters as measured in the …
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Figure 5—source data 1
Weight pulling and high-protein diet increased flexor digitorum longus (FDL) mass but not mitochondrial respiration.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig5-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
Weight pulling and high-protein diet increase the mass of specific muscles.
(A–H) The mass of muscles was measured in absolute terms (A–D) and normalized to tibia length (E–H). The muscles measured were the quadriceps (A, E), soleus (B, F), plantaris (C, G), and forearm …
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Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1
Weight pulling and high-protein diet increase the mass of specific muscles.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 6
Bicep and forearm hypertrophy is maximized by high-protein (HP) diets and weight pulling (WP).
(A–C) Representative images of arm musculature (A) with quantification of biceps (B) and forearm (C) diameter. (B, C) n = 7–8 mice per group. Statistics for the overall effects of diet, training, …
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Figure 6—source data 1
Bicep and forearm hypertrophy is maximized by high-protein (HP) diets and weight pulling (WP).
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig6-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 7
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) fiber-type hypertrophy is maximized by high-protein diets and weight pulling.
(A–H) Representative images of the FDL and fiber type with quantification of mid-belly cross-sectional area (CSA) (B), fibers per cross section (C), fiber CSA (D), and individual muscle fiber type …
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Figure 7—source data 1
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) fiber-type hypertrophy is maximized by high-protein diets and weight pulling.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/91007/elife-91007-fig7-data1-v1.xlsx
Tables
Table 1
Diet composition.
| Amino acid-defined diets | Low protein | High protein |
|---|---|---|
| Teklad diet name | 7% protein calories | 36% protein calories |
| Teklad diet number | TD.140712 | TD.220097 |
| Color | Blue | Green |
| Formula | g/kg | g/kg |
| Sucrose | 291.248 | 214.867 |
| Corn starch | 232.4 | 110.7 |
| Maltodextrin | 232.4 | 110.7 |
| Corn oil | 52.0 | 52.0 |
| Olive oil | 29.0 | 29.0 |
| Cellulose | 30.0 | 30.0 |
| Mineral mix, AIN-93G-MX (94046) | 35.0 | 35.0 |
| Calcium phosphate, dibasic | 8.2 | 8.2 |
| Vitamin mix, Teklad (40060) | 10.0 | 10.0 |
| % kcal from | ||
| Protein | 7.1 | 36.4 |
| Carbohydrate | 74.4 | 44.7 |
| Fat | 18.5 | 18.9 |
| kcal/g | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Amino acid profile | g/kg | g/kg |
| l-Lysine HCl | 6.64 | 33.308 |
| l-Methionine | 2.18 | 10.95 |
| l-Cystine | 2.34 | 11.767 |
| l-Arginine | 2.05 | 10.296 |
| l-Phenylalanine | 2.15 | 10.787 |
| l-Tyrosine | 2.25 | 11.277 |
| l-Histidine HCl, monohydrate | 1.15 | 7.518 |
| l-Isoleucine | 2.54 | 12.748 |
| l-Leucine | 8.27 | 41.512 |
| l-Threonine | 3.16 | 15.853 |
| l-Tryptophan | 1.1 | 5.557 |
| l-Valine | 2.735 | 13.729 |
| l-Aspartic acid | 6.7 | 33.634 |
| l-Glutamic acid | 9.43 | 47.347 |
| l-Alanine | 3.05 | 15.33 |
| Glycine | 0.96 | 4.838 |
| l-Proline | 2.41 | 12.111 |
| l-Serine | 2.41 | 12.111 |
Key resources table
| Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strain, strain background (Mus musculus), male | C57BL/6J | The Jackson Laboratory | Cat# JAX:000664; RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664 | |
| Antibody | Anti-laminin | Millipore Sigma | #L9393 | 1:500 |
| Antibody | Myosin heavy chain type I | Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank | #BA-D5-s | 1:100 |
| Antibody | Myosin heavy chain type IIA | Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank | #SC-71-s | 1:100 |
| Antibody | Myosin heavy chain type IIB | Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank | #BF-F3-s | 1:10 |
| Antibody | Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody in ICC/IF | Invitrogen | #A11011 | 1:5000 |
| Antibody | Alexa Fluor 647 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, Fcγ subclass 2b specific | Jackson ImmunoResearch | #115-605-207 | 1:100 |
| Antibody | Alexa Fluor 488 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, Fcγ subclass 1 specific | Jackson ImmunoResearch | #115-545-205 | 1:3000 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-Mouse IgM (Heavy chain) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 350 | Invitrogen | #A-31552 | 1:500 |
| Antibody | ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant | Invitrogen | #P36930 | |
| Commercial assay or kit | Mouse/Rat FGF21 ELISA | R&D Systems | #MF2100 | |
| Commercial assay or kit | Mouse insulin ELISA | Crystal Chem | #90080 | |
| Commercial assay or kit | Cholesterol | Pointe Scientific | #23-666-200, #23-666-202, #23-666-201 | |
| Commercial assay or kit | Triglycerides | Pointe Scientific | #23-666-411, #23-666-410, #23-666-412 |
