Cell-autonomous role of leucine-rich repeat kinase in the protection of dopaminergic neuron survival
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, United States
Figures
Figure 1 with 9 supplements
Generation and characterization of floxed and deleted Lrrk1 and Lrrk2 alleles.
(A) Schematic illustrations of human LRRK1 and LRRK2 proteins showing similar functional domains. LRRK12015 protein is derived from exons 2–34 (Ensembl Genome Database: ENSG00000154237). LRRK22527 …
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Figure 1—source data 1
Full-size western blots of Lrrk1Δ/Δ and Lrrk2Δ/Δ brains.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-fig1-data1-v1.zip
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Genomic DNA sequence of the floxed Lrrk1 allele.
Figure 1—figure supplement 2
Southern strategy for the targeted and floxed Lrrk1 alleles.
Figure 1—figure supplement 3
Genomic DNA sequence of the floxed Lrrk2 allele.
Figure 1—figure supplement 4
Southern analysis of the targeted and floxed Lrrk2 alleles.
Figure 1—figure supplement 5
Northern strategy for Lrrk1 mRNA.
Figure 1—figure supplement 6
Northern analysis of Lrrk1 mRNA in Lrrk1Δ/Δ mice.
Figure 1—figure supplement 7
RT-PCR analysis of the deleted Lrrk1 allele.
Figure 1—figure supplement 8
Northern analysis of Lrrk2 mRNA in Lrrk2F/F and Lrrk2Δ/Δ mice.
Figure 1—figure supplement 9
RT-PCR analysis of the deleted Lrrk2 allele.
Figure 2
Generation and characterization of dopaminergic (DA) neuron-specific Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) Immunostaining of GFP and/or TH in the SNpc of Slc6a3Cre/+; Rosa26CAG-LSL-ZsGreen1/+ mice at 2 months of age. Cre recombinase is expressed under the control of the Slc6a3 endogenous promoter and …
Figure 3 with 1 supplement
Age-dependent loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) TH immunostaining shows TH+ DA neurons in the SNpc of Lrrk cDKO and littermate controls at the age of 15, 20, and 24 months. Higher power views of the boxed areas show grossly normal DA neuron …
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Figure 3—source data 1
Raw quantification data of TH+ dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) and control mice.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-fig3-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Independent validation of age-dependent reduction of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) Quantification of TH+ DA neurons in the SNpc by an independent investigator using stereological methods sampling 25% areas of the SNpc. There are similar numbers of DA neurons in Lrrk cDKO mice …
Figure 4
Increases in apoptotic dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) Representative images of TH and active Caspase-3 immunostaining show TH+ DA neurons (green) and active Caspase-3+ apoptotic cells (red) in the SNpc of Lrrk cDKO and control mice at the age of 24 …
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Figure 4—source data 1
Raw quantification data of Caspase-3+/TH+ apoptotic dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) and control mice.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-fig4-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 5
Age-dependent loss of TH+ dopaminergic (DA) terminals in the striatum of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) Representative TH immunostaining images in the striatum of Lrrk cDKO mice and littermate controls at the ages of 15 and 24 months. (B) Quantification of TH immunoreactivity in the striatum of Lrr…
Figure 6
Normal number of TH+ noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) Representative images of TH+ noradrenergic neurons in the LC of Lrrk cDKO mice and littermate controls at 24 months of age. (B) Quantification of TH+ cells shows similar number of TH+ …
Figure 7
Unchanged number of electron-dense vacuoles in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A, B) Representative electron microscopy (EM) images showing electron-dense vacuoles (arrowheads) in SNpc neurons of cDKO mice and littermate controls at the age of 25 months. (C–F) Higher power …
Figure 8
Elevated microgliosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A–C) Representative images of Iba1+ microglia (red, marked by yellow arrowheads) and TH+ dopaminergic neurons (green) in the SNpc of Lrrk DKO mice and controls at 15 (A), 20 (B), and 24 (C) months …
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Figure 8—source data 1
Raw quantification data of Iba1+ microglia in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) and control mice.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-fig8-data1-v1.xlsx
Figure 9
Impairment of motor coordination in Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice.
(A) In the 10 mm beam walk test, compared to control mice, Lrrk cDKO mice at 10 months of age exhibit markedly more hindlimb slips (control: 2.0 ± 0.3; cDKO: 4.4 ± 0.5; p=0.0005, Student’s t-test) …
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Figure 9—source data 1
Raw quantification data of the beam walk and the pole tests by Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) and control mice.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-fig9-data1-v1.xlsx
Tables
Key resources table
| Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene (Mus musculus) | Lrrk1 | Ensembl Genome Database: ENSMUSG00000015133 | ||
| Gene (M. musculus) | Lrrk2 | Ensembl Genome Database: ENSMUSG00000036273 | ||
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | B6129SF1/J | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:101043 | Strain #101043 |
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | Floxed Lrrk1 | This paper | Maintained in B6/129 hybrid background | |
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | Floxed Lrrk2 | This paper | Maintained in B6/129 hybrid background | |
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | B6.SJL-Slc6a3tm1.1(cre)bkmn/J | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:006660 | Strain # 006660; common name: DATIREScre |
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | B6.Cg-Tg(ACTFLPe)9205Dym/J | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:005703 | Strain # 005703; common name: ACTB:FLPe B6J |
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | B6.C-Tg(CMV-cre)1Cgn/J | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:006054 | Strain # 006054; common name: CMV-Cre |
| Strain, strain background (M. musculus) | B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm6(CAG-ZsGreem1)Hze/J | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:007906 | Strain # 007906; common name: Ai6RCL-ZsGreen |
| Cell line (M. musculus) | MKV6.5 embryonic stem cells | A gift from Dr. Rudy Jaenisch’s lab at MIT | B6129SF1/J | |
| Transfected construct (M. musculus) | pLM8 | This paper | Details provided in Supplementary file 1 | |
| Transfected construct (M. musculus) | pLRRK2#8 | This paper | Details provided in Supplementary file 2 | |
| Antibody | Anti-LRRK1 (rabbit polyclonal) | Alomone Lab | Cat# ANR-101; RRID:AB_2756700 | WB: 1:1000 |
| Antibody | Anti-LRRK2 (rabbit monoclonal) | abcam | Cat# Ab133474; RRID:AB_2713963 | WB: 1:1000 |
| Antibody | Anti-α-Vinculin (mouse monoclonal) | Millipore | Cat# 05-386; RRID:AB_309711 | WB: 1:2000 |
| Antibody | Anti-GFP (rabbit polyclonal) | abcam | Cat# ab290; RRID:AB_303395 | IF: 1:1000 |
| Antibody | Anti-TH (mouse monoclonal) | SantaCruz | Cat# Sc-25269; RRID:AB_628422 | IF: 1:50 |
| Antibody | Anti-TH (rabbit polyclonal) | abcam | Cat# Ab112; RRID:AB_297840 | IHC: 1:750 |
| Antibody | Anti-NeuN (rabbit monoclonal) | Cell Signaling Technology | Cat# 12943S; RRID:AB_2630395 | IF: 1:400 |
| Antibody | Anti-cleaved caspase-3 (rabbit monoclonal) | Cell Signaling Technology | Cat# 9661; RRID:AB_2341188 | IF: 1:150 |
| Antibody | Anti-Iba1 (rabbit polyclonal) | Wako | Cat# 019-19741; RRID:AB_839504 | IF: 1:500 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-rabbit (goat IgG, IRdye800 coupled) | LI-COR Biosciences | Cat# 926-32211; RRID:AB_2651127 | WB: 1:20,000 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-mouse (goat IgG, IRdye680 coupled) | LI-COR Biosciences | Cat# 926-68020; RRID:AB_2651128 | WB: 1:20,000 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-mouse (goat polyclonal, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat# A-11001; RRID:AB_2534069 | IF: 1:250 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-rabbit (goat polyclonal, Alexa Fluor 555 conjugated) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat# A-32732; RRID:AB_2633281 | IF: 1:250 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-rabbit (goat polyclonal, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat# A-11034; RRID:AB_2576217 | IF: 1:250 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-mouse (goat polyclonal, Alexa Fluor 555 conjugated) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat# A-21424; RRID:AB_141780 | IF: 1:250 |
| Antibody | Goat anti-rabbit (goat IgG, Biotinylated) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat# BA-1000; RRID:AB_2313606 | IHC: 1:250 |
| Recombinant DNA reagent | pGEM-T (vector) | Promega | Cat# A1360 | |
| Recombinant DNA reagent | PgkneoF2L2DTA (plasmid) | Addgene | RRID:Addgene_13445 | |
| Recombinant DNA reagent | pCAGGS-flpE-puro (Plasmid) | Addgene | RRID:Addgene_20733 | |
| Recombinant DNA reagent | pBluescript II KS (+) (vector) | Agilent | Part number: 212207 | |
| Recombinant DNA reagent | LFNT-tk/pBS (Plasmid) | A gift from Dr. Susumu Tonegawa’s lab at MIT | ||
| Sequence-based reagent | Primers | This paper | PCR primers | See Appendix 1—table 1 |
| Commercial assay or kit | Poly(A)Purist MAG Kit | Thermo Fisher | Cat# AM1922 | |
| Commercial assay or kit | Prime-It II random labeling Kit | Agilent | Cat# 300385 | |
| Commercial assay or kit | DAB peroxidase substrate kit | Vector Laboratories | Cat# SK-4100 | |
| Chemical compound, drug | TRI reagent | MilliporeSigma | T9424 | |
| Chemical compound, drug | Superscript III reverse transcriptase | Thermo Fisher | Cat# 18080093 | |
| Chemical compound, drug | Protease inhibitor cocktail | Sigma | Cat# P8340 | |
| Chemical compound, drug | Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail | Sigma | Cat# P0044 | |
| Chemical compound, drug | Vectastain elite ABC reagent | Vector Laboratories | Cat# SK-6100 | |
| Software, algorithm | Prism 9 | GraphPad | 9.0 | |
| Software, algorithm | CellSens Entry | Olympus | 1.5 | |
| Software, algorithm | Image-Studio | Odyssey | 5.2 | |
| Software, algorithm | ImageJ Fiji | NIH | 1.50i | |
| Other | Amersham Hybond-nylon membrane | GE Healthcare | RPN303N | Used for RNA transfer in northern (see ‘Materials and methods’ for the details) |
| Other | Autoradiography film, Hyperfilm | Amersham | E3018 | Used for detection of radioactive signals in northern (see ‘Materials and methods for the details) |
Appendix 1—table 1
Oligonucleotides.
| Oligonucleotides |
|---|
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for left arm amplification: P1 5’-GACATCCGCGGCACCATGTGAGTGGCAGCTGTGGTGAGAAC-3' SacII sequence is underlined |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for left arm amplification: P2 5’-GACATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTTAATAGCCGTTCTTTCTTAGAGAAGGCAG-3’ NotI and HindIII sequences are underlined |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for left-middle arm amplification: P3 5'-CCAGTCACTTCTCCACCTCAGGGAAAATGG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for left-middle arm amplification: P4 5’-CCTTGTGGTACCCGGACCTTCTATCACCTTTATCC-3’ KpnI sequence is underlined |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for right-middle arm amplification: P5 5’-GGTCCGGGTACCACAAGGTGCTGGTTAAGTGCC-3’ KpnI sequence is underlined |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for right-middle arm amplification: P6 5’-AGCAGACCTCTTGCCTTCTACTACTGACTG-3’ |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for right arm amplification: P7 5’- GACATGTCGACGGATCCGTAGGGAAGACCCACTAGGAGGAAGAAAG-3' SalI sequence is underlined |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for right arm amplification: P8 5'-GACATAAGCTTTGGTACCTTTCTAAAGGCAGCATTTTGCTTGC-3’ HindIII sequence is underlined |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for 5’ Southern probe: P15 5'-CAGAATACCCCATGCTGGGGAATTGC-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for 5’ Southern probe: P16 5'-CCGTTTCTAGGATTCTAATTTTTC-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for 3’ Southern probe: P17 5'-AACTCCTTCCTGGTGCTGGCAGGCCTGGCTG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for 3' Southern probe: P18 5’-ACAAGTGACGTGACCATGGACGGAGCTGCG-3' |
| Neo PCR forward primer for Southern probe: P23 5'-ATTCGGCTATGACTGGGCAC-3' |
| Neo PCR reverse primer for Southern probe: P24 5'-GACCACCAAGCGAAACATCG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for exons 2–3 northern probe: P31 5’-CAGGATGAGCGTGTGTCTGCAG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for exons 2–3 northern probe: P32 5’-CCTTCTCCTGTGAGGATTCGCTCT-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for exons 27–29 northern probe: P33 5’-CTGGCCTACCTGCACAAGAA-3’ |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for exons 27–29 northern probe: P34 5’-CCTTCCCATCCCAGAACACC-3’ |
| GADPH PCR forward primer for northern probe: P37 5’-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3’ |
| GADPH PCR reverse primer for northern probe: P38 5’-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3' |
| Lrrk1 RT primer in exon 32: P47 5’-GGCTCAGGTCATGCTCAGTT-3’ |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for exons 4–8 RT-PCR: P53 5’-TTTTGGACACGCCGAAGTAGT-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for exons 4–8 RT-PCR: P54 5’-AGCCGCTCCAGGTAGTTTTT-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for exons 11–17 RT-PCR: P57 5’-GGACCTCTCCAGAAACCAGC-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for exons 11–17 RT-PCR: P58 5’-GCAGGGTTGCTATCCTCTCC-3’ |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for exons 20–25 RT-PCR: P63 5’-GCGGTCAGTGGCAAAGAATG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for exons 20–25 RT-PCR: P64 5’-AATGCTGTTCTCACCCTCCG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for exons 25–31 RT-PCR: P41 5’-GAATTCTGCTAATGCCCCAGC-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for exons 25–31 RT-PCR: P42 5’-AGGCTGTAGATATAGATTTTCTGGT-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR forward primer for left arm amplification: P9 5’-GAACACACAAGGCTATGGCTATTGTC-3’ |
| Lrrk2 PCR reverse primer for left arm amplification: P10 5'-GTAGGACTATCATCCACCTGTAGGACTCC-3' |
| loxP site introducing oligo for Lrrk2: P39 5'-GATCCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATGCTATACGAAGTTATGCTAGCA-3' BamHI and NheI sequences are underlined |
| loxP site introducing oligo for Lrrk2: P40 5'-CTAGTGCTAGCATAACTTCGTATAGCATACATTATACGAAGTTATG-3' SpeI and NheI sequences are underlined |
| Lrrk2 PCR forward primer for middle arm amplification: P11 5'-GTCCTACAGGTGGATTCTAGACCTACAAGG-3' XbaI sequence is underlined |
| Lrrk2 PCR reverse primer for middle arm amplification: P12 5'-GACGCGGCCGCGTTTAGTAGCTAGCATGACTATGAAGGAG-3' NotI and NheI sequences are underlined |
| Lrrk2 PCR forward primer for right arm amplification: P13 5’-GCACTTGAGTCTTAATCTTGGGCAC-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR reverse primer for right arm amplification: P14 5’-CATTCGAGCAGCTAAGCCTGTAATC-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR forward primer for 5' Southern probe: P19 5'-CATGGGAGAGAGGGTTTCTCACTTACT-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR reverse primer for 5' Southern probe: P20 5’-CTTGGACAGCATTGTCAGCCTAGAC-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR forward primer for 3’ Southern probe: P21 5'-GCCAAGCAGTTATTGATGCTGTAGC-3’ |
| Lrrk2 PCR reverse primer for 3’ Southern probe: P22 5'-CGAGCTGTAAGATGAGCTGGGTACT-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR forward primer for northern probe: P35 5'-AGGAAGGCAAGCAGATCGAG-3' |
| Lrrk2 PCR reverse primer for northern probe: P36 5'-GGCTGAATATCTGTGCATGGC-3' |
| Lrrk2 RT primer in exons 51: P93 5'-TCGTGTGGAAGATTGAGGTCC-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for genotyping: P25 5'-ATTGGTCTTTGAAGAGACAGCATCTGG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for genotyping: P26 5'-TTTCCCTGAGGTGGAGAAGTGACTGG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for genotyping: P27 5'-TCACGTCGTCTAAGCCTCCT-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR forward primer for genotyping: P28 5'-CTTCCTCAGAAGTTAGGTAAACATTG AGTG-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for genotyping: P29 5'-CTAAGTGACACCGTGTTTCCAAAGTC-3' |
| Lrrk1 PCR reverse primer for genotyping: P30 5'-GGAAAGTTTCACAATTGGAAAAATAAAAATATTTACTGCAGATA-3' |
| Slc6a3-Cre PCR forward primer for genotyping: JKM1823 5'-TGGCTGTTGGTGTAAGTGG-3' |
| Slc6a3-Cre PCR reverse primer for genotyping: JKM1824 5'-GGACAGGGACATGGTTGACT-3' |
| Slc6a3-Cre PCR reverse primer for genotyping: JKM1825 5'-CCAAAGACGGCAATATGGT-3' |
Additional files
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MDAR checklist
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-mdarchecklist1-v1.docx
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Supplementary file 1
Generation of the Lrrk1 targeting vector.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-supp1-v1.docx
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Supplementary file 2
Generation of the Lrrk2 targeting vector.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/92673/elife-92673-supp2-v1.docx
