Deletion of sulfate transporter SUL1 extends yeast replicative lifespan via reduced PKA signaling instead of decreased sulfate uptake
- Department of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, United States
Figures
Figure 1
The lifespan extension of SUL1Δ mutant is not caused by changes in sulfate transport/metabolism.
(A) Deletion of the SUL1 gene significantly extended the replicative lifespan of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Numbers in parentheses indicate the average lifespan and the number of cells measured. ****p<0.0001. (B) Lifespan is not altered by three targeted genetic interventions that change sulfate transport/metabolism: (a) mutation of the amino acid residue of SUL1 (E427Q) that abolishes the activity of sulfate transport 1; (b) inactivation of MET3, the key enzyme of SAP; (c) deletion of SUL2 (a homolog of SUL1). Survival curves for the WT and SUL1E427Q, MET3Δ, or SUL2Δ strains are shown. ns: not significant. (C) Time-dependent variations in sulfate ion uptake were assessed in wild-type and mutant strains. The wild-type (WT, black circles), SUL1Δ (red squares), SUL2Δ (blue triangles), and SUL1E427Q (green diamonds) strains were evaluated at 0, 2, 5, and 10 min following stimulation with 3 mM Na2SO4. The Y-axis illustrates the normalized intracellular concentration of sulfate ions. The data points represent the mean values of the ratio to the initial concentration (mg/kg), while the error bars denote the standard deviation of three different experiments.
Figure 2 with 1 supplement
Common longevity pathways may contribute to the replicative lifespan (RLS) extension of SUL1 deletion mutant.
(A) A volcano plot illustrating the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the SUL1Δ and WT strains. Log10 of the p-values plotted against the Log2 FC of the fragments per kilobase million (FPKM). (B) Enrichment analysis of biological processes associated with the DEGs identified between the SUL1Δ and WT strains. Upregulated genes (p<0.1, Log2 FC>0.5) and downregulated genes (p<0.1, Log2 FC<–0.5) are included in this analysis. (C) Heatmaps showing changes of stress response (left) and amino acid biosynthetic and ribosome biogenesis genes (right). (D) Association analysis of the potential transcription factors and the DEGs in the enriched biological processes.
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Transcriptome sequencing analysis was assessed in SUL2Δ VS. WT and SULE427Q VS. WT.
(A) A volcano plot illustrating the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the SUL2Δ and WT strains. Log10 of the p values plotted against the Log2 FC of the fragments per kilobase million (FPKM). (B) Enrichment analysis of biological processes associated with the DEGs identified between the SUL2Δ and WT strains. Upregulated genes (p<0.1, Log2 FC>0.5) and downregulated genes (p<0.1, Log2 FC<–0.5) are included in this analysis. (C) A volcano plot illustrating the DEGs between the SULE427Q and WT strains. Log10 of the p values plotted against the Log2 FC of the FPKM. (D) Enrichment analysis of biological processes associated with the DEGs identified between the SULE427Q and WT strains. Upregulated genes (p<0.1, Log2 FC>0.5) and downregulated genes (p<0.1, Log2 FC<–0.5) are included in this analysis.
Figure 3 with 3 supplements
SUL1 deletion inhibits the PKA pathway and increases the translocation of MSN2 into the nucleus.
(A) The mRNA levels of several stress response genes and trehalose synthesis. ns: not significant; *p<0.05. (B) The concentrations of trehalose and glycogen in WT and SUL1Δ strains. *p<0.05; **p<0.01. (C) Representative images of EGFP-labeled endogenous MSN2 in WT and SUL1Δ strains during the exponential growth phase. BF: bright field. Scale bars: 5 μm. (D) The ratio of the mean fluorescence intensity of MSN2-EGFP in the nucleus vs. that of the total cell. Bars represent mean ± SD, n=100. ***p<0.001. (E) Representative time-lapse images of MSN2-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains. White arrows represent tracking cells. Scale bars: 5 μm. (F) The normalized nuclear/cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity ratio of MSN2-EGFP as a function of age in the WT and SUL1Δ strains (number of cells WT: n=80; SUL1Δ: n=80). The dashed lines represent the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of MSN2-EGFP before and after the 17th generation. (G) Comparison of the nuclear/cytoplasmic mean fluorescence intensity ratio of MSN2-EGFP as a function of age in WT and SUL1Δ strains. Bars represent mean ± SD, n=80. ns: not significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001.
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
The expression of MSN2 protein remains stable during aging in the SUL1Δ strain.
(A) The mean fluorescence intensity (FI) of MSN2-EGFP in each generation of WT and SUL1Δ strains during replicative lifespan (RLS) (WT: n=80; SUL1Δ: n=80). (B) Compare the whole cell mean FI of MSN2-EGFP in each generation of WT and SUL1Δ strains during RLS. Bars represent mean ± SD, n=80. ns: not significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01.
Figure 3—figure supplement 2
The nuclear translocation of MSN2 was significantly augmented upon GR stimulation.
(A) Representative time-lapse images of MSN2-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains grown in complete synthetic medium (2% glucose) or in glucose restriction medium (0.05% glucose) at the indicated times. White arrows represent tracking cells. Scale bars: 5 μm. Compare the mean fluorescence intensity (B) and the nuclear/cytoplasmic mean fluorescence intensity ratio (C) of MSN2-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains grown in complete synthetic medium (2% glucose) or in glucose restriction medium (0.05% glucose) at the indicated times. Bars represent mean ± SD; WT: n=43; SUL1Δ: n=40. ns: not significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ****p<0.0001.
Figure 3—figure supplement 3
SUL1 deletion did not promote MSN4 translocation to the nucleus.
(A) Representative images of EGFP-labeled endogenous MSN4 in WT and SUL1Δ strains during the exponential growth phase. BF: bright field. Scale bars: 10 μm. (B) The ratio of the mean fluorescence intensity of MSN4-EGFP between the nucleus and the total cell. Bars represent mean ± SD, n=100. ***p<0.001. (C) Representative time-lapse images of MSN4-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains. White arrows represent tracking cells. Scale bars: 5 μm. (D) Compare the nuclear/cytoplasmic mean fluorescence intensity ratio of MSN4-EGFP in each generation of WT and SUL1Δ strains during replicative lifespan (RLS). Bars represent mean ± SD, n=80. ns: not significant; *p<0.05; ***p<0.001.
Figure 4
SUL1 deletion raises the cellular autophagy level.
(A) The heatmap vividly showcases the alterations in autophagy-related genes between wild-type (WT) and SUL1Δ strains. (B) Representative time-lapse images of ATG8-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains reveal distinct patterns. White arrows represent tracking cells. Scale bars: 5 μm. (C) The normalized fluorescence intensity of ATG8-EGFP as a function of age in WT and the SUL1Δ strains, with each colored curve representing a single cell. (Number of cells: WT n=80; SUL1Δ n=80). (D) The distribution of the fluorescence intensity of ATG8-EGFP as a function of age in WT and SUL1Δ strains. Bars represent mean ± SD, number of cells n=80. ns: not significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01. (E) Representative time-lapse images of ATG8-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains grown in complete synthetic medium (2% glucose) or in glucose restriction medium (0.05% glucose) at the indicated times. White arrows represent tracking cells. Scale bars: 5 μm. (F) The distribution of the fluorescence intensity of ATG8-EGFP in WT and SUL1Δ strains grown in complete synthetic medium (2% glucose) or in glucose restriction medium (0.05% glucose) at the indicated times. Bars represent mean ± SD; WT: n=35; SUL1Δ: n=44. **p<0.01; ****p<0.0001.
Figure 5
The effect of SUL1 deletion on longevity is partially mediated by MSN2 and ATG8.
(A, B) Replicative lifespan of MSN2 and ATG8 deletion mutants in WT and SUL1Δ strains. The median lifespan and counted cell number are displayed on the graph. (C) A schematic illustrating a mechanistic model of how the deletion of SUL1 extends lifespan. SUL1 deletion leads to decreased PKA activity, resulting in increased nuclear translocation of MSN2 (and consequently increased general stress response), autophagy, trehalose, and decreased ribosome biogenesis. The cumulative impact of these downstream effects collectively contributes to the extension of lifespan. R: PKA regulatory subunit; C: PKA catalytic subunit.
Author response image 1
Replicative life span of MSN4 deletion mutants in WT and SUL1Δ strains.
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
Strains used in this study, related to experimental procedures.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/94609/elife-94609-supp1-v1.docx
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Supplementary file 2
Primers used in this study, related to experimental procedures.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/94609/elife-94609-supp2-v1.docx
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MDAR checklist
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/94609/elife-94609-mdarchecklist1-v1.pdf
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Deletion of sulfate transporter SUL1 extends yeast replicative lifespan via reduced PKA signaling instead of decreased sulfate uptake
eLife 13:RP94609.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.94609.3
