(a) Schematic of hypothesis. The inhibition mechanism centered on MT+ GABA, including the molecular level: the GABAergic inhibition in MT+ (cyan circle), brain connectivity level: hMT+-frontal …
(a) Single task block designs. First: a cross fixation on the center of the screen (10 s). Second: a moving grating (2°) toward left last 10 s. Third: the grating keeps static for 10 s. Fourth: the …
The color bar indicates the overlap of the MRS volume-of-interests (VOIs) across all subjects.
(a) Example spectrum from the hMT+ voxel of one participant. The first line is the LCModel fitting result of all metabolites, and the following lines show the Glu and GABA spectra fitting with …
(a) There is no significant relationship between BDT and GABA concentrations in EVC (primarily in V1) region. (b) There is also no obvious correlation between SI and GABA concentrations in EVC …
(a) Individual participant fitted Glu MRS spectra from the hMT+ (top, n = 31) and EVC (primarily in V1) (bottom, n = 28) voxels from baseline measurement. The colors of the Glu spectra represent the …
(a) There is significant correlation between GABA and Glu concentrations in hMT+ region. (b) The levels of GABA also significantly correlate with Glu in EVC (primarily in V1) region. GABA and Glu …
(a) Significant positive correlation between suppression index and block design test (BDT) scores (took out two outlines). (b) Suppression index also significantly correlates with GABA concentration …
The seed region is the left hMT+. The significant FCs are obtained from a priori space (frontal cortex). (a) The significant FCs obtained from connectivity-BDT analysis. Single voxel threshold p<0.00…
The seed region is the left hMT+. The significant FCs are obtained from the entire brain search, single voxel threshold p<0.01, adjacent size ≥37 voxels (AlphaSim correcting, Materials and methods). …
The seed region is the left V1. (a) The significant FCs are obtained from the frontal search, single voxel threshold p<0.005, adjacent size ≥23 (AlphaSim correcting, same methods for hMT+). (b) The …
(a) Significant negative correlation between the functional connectivity (FC) of left hMT+-right DLPFC (BA46) and hMT+ GABA (false discovery rate [FDR] correction). (b) Significant positive …
The pathway that hMT+ GABA was predicted to be associated with suppression index (SI), followed by the functional connectivity (FC) of hMT+-BA46, and then BDT, did not yield the chained mediation …
Inhibitory GABA in hMT+ (a sensory cortex, shown in green circle), coupling with the functional connectivity between hMT+ and BA46 (cognitive control core, shown in purple circle), and mediated by …
FC number | Connected regions | BA | Size | Peak coordinate | r | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MNI (x, y, z) | ||||||
1 | Frontal_Sup_Orb_R | 11 | 33 | (12,63,–19.5) | –0.57 | 0.0011 |
2 | Frontal_Inf_Orb_L | 47 | 24 | (−34.5,28.5,–13.5) | –0.63 | 0.0003 |
3 | Frontal_Med_Orb_R | 11 | 41 | (3,43.5,–12) | –0.58 | 0.0009 |
4 | Frontal_Inf_Orb_R | 47 | 48 | (−31.5,24,–12) | 0.59 | 0.0008 |
5 | Frontal_Inf_Orb_R | 47 | 29 | (25.5,30,–13.5) | 0.67 | 0.0001 |
6 | Insula_L | \ | 26 | (–28.5,27,0) | 0.67 | 0.0001 |
7 | Frontal_Inf_Oper_R | 45 | 41 | (43.5,16.5,6) | 0.64 | 0.0002 |
8 | Frontal_Sup_R | 10 | 25 | (31.5,57,9) | 0.59 | 0.0008 |
9 | Frontal_Mid_L | 10 | 82 | (–33,48,12) | 0.62 | 0.0003 |
10 | Frontal_Inf_Oper_R | 44 | 49 | (51,7.5,21) | 0.59 | 0.0007 |
11 | Frontal_Inf_Oper_R | 46 | 96 | (49.5,16.5,28.5) | –0.62 | 0.0003 |
12 | Frontal_Mid_L | 10 | 32 | (–31.5,49.5,24) | 0.57 | 0.0012 |
13 | Frontal_Mid_R | 10 | 102 | (31.5,36,30) | 0.59 | 0.0009 |
14 | Precentral_L | 6 | 46 | (−49.5,–1.5,34.5) | 0.59 | 0.0007 |
15 | Frontal_Mid_R | 9 | 107 | (51,19.5,40.5) | –0.67 | 0.0001 |
16 | Frontal_Sup_L | 9 | 35 | (–9,60,37.5) | –0.69 | 0.0001 |
17 | Frontal_Sup_Medial_R | 9 | 74 | (4.5,52.5,43.5) | –0.57 | 0.0011 |
18 | Frontal_Sup_R | 6 | 136 | (28.5,–7.5,63) | –0.64 | 0.0002 |
19 | Supp_Motor_Area_L | 6 | 48 | (–10.5,6,54) | 0.63 | 0.0003 |
20 | Frontal_Mid_L | 6 | 119 | (–24,4.5,55.5) | 0.63 | 0.0003 |
21 | Precentral_L | 6 | 229 | (−24,–18,66) | 0.60 | 0.0005 |
22 | Frontal_Sup_R | 6 | 32 | (16.5,–18,67.5) | 0.68 | 0.0001 |
23 | Precentral_R | 6 | 80 | (30,–24,70.5) | 0.70 | 0.0001 |
24 | Precentral_R | 6 | 23 | (16.5,–25.5,76.5) | 0.70 | 0.0001 |
Single voxel threshold p<0.005 (t>3.057 or t<–3.057), adjacent size ≥23 voxels (AlphaSim corrected).
FC number | hMT+ GABA concentrations | hMT+ Glu concentrations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | FDR | r | p | FDR | |
1 | –0.07 | 0.72 | 0.75 | –0.11 | 0.58 | 0.85 |
2 | –0.28 | 0.14 | 0.36 | –0.27 | 0.15 | 0.81 |
3 | –0.13 | 0.52 | 0.59 | –0.07 | 0.71 | 0.85 |
4 | 0.10 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.12 | 0.54 | 0.85 |
5 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.81 |
6 | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.85 |
7 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.85 |
8 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.85 |
9 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.10 | 0.60 | 0.85 |
10 | –0.13 | 0.49 | 0.58 | –0.16 | 0.41 | 0.85 |
11 | –0.56 | 0.0018 | 0.02* | –0.22 | 0.25 | 0.81 |
12 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.51 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.85 |
13 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.81 | 0.85 |
14 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.81 |
15 | –0.40 | 0.03 | 0.12 | –0.21 | 0.27 | 0.81 |
16 | –0.27 | 0.15 | 0.36 | –0.12 | 0.53 | 0.85 |
17 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.85 |
18 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.85 |
19 | 0.39 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.81 |
20 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 0.85 |
21 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.81 |
22 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.76 | 0.85 |
23 | 0.69 | 0.0001 | 0.002** | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
24 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
*: pFDR < 0.05; **: pFDR < 0.01; ***: pFDR < 0.001; Bold font indicates the significant correlations survived from multi-correlation correction.
Functional connectivity (FC) of voxels showing significant correlation with block design test (BDT) scores across subjects in whole brain.
Functional connectivities (FCs) of voxels showing significant correlation with suppression index (SI) across subjects in frontal cortex.
Functional connectivities (FCs) of voxels showing significant correlation with suppression index (SI) across subjects in whole brain.
Correlations between functional connectivity (FC) in Supplementary file 1 and GABA/Glu concentrations in hMT+.
Correlations between functional connectivities (FCs) in Supplementary file 2 and GABA/Glu concentrations in hMT+.
Correlations between functional connectivities (FCs) in Supplementary file 3 and GABA/Glu concentrations in hMT+.