Starvation upregulates activity in certain sensory channels and downregulates it in others in what appears to be an optimization strategy that serves to increase the hedonic value of food odors.

Current findings help reconcile the contradictory reports regarding the role of infralimbic cortex in the environmental control of appetitive behavior.

Odor conditioning induces two changes in olfactory neurons: non-associative sensory adaptation to odor history, and associative, bidirectional changes in behavioral output that are oppositely regulated in aversive and appetitive learning.

A cluster of neurons that integrates inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs from the mushroom body output neurons of the appetitive and aversive memory compartments, respectively, triggers upwind steering, mediating memory-driven olfactory navigation behaviors.

A single taste input, acetic acid, elicits opposing behavioral outputs depending on a fly's hunger state.

Hunger neurons promote feeding by triggering a long-lasting potentiation of the rewarding properties of food.

Closed-loop pairing of taste stimuli with optogenetic activation of neurons encoding either reward or punishment reveals that flies can form both appetitive and aversive taste memories that impact their future behavioral responses to tastes.

The long-term retention of extinction is enhanced by ontogenetic stimulation of locus coeruleus neurons applied during extinction of a reward-seeking response, further implicating noradrenaline in appetitive extinction.

A customizable open-source hardware and software platform for conducting diverse behavioral experiments in head-fixed mice.

Neurons in the lateral habenula are activated by pain, bitterness and social defeat, and their responses are dynamically shaped by learning, suggesting a role in experience-dependent selection of behavioral actions to stressors.