Clinical characteristics of the study subjects Results were analyzed using unpaired Ordinary One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons test. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Adipose tissue composition and bone mass by DXA Results were analyzed using unpaired Ordinary One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons test. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Microarchitecture and mechanical parameters of trabecular bone of the study subjects, Results were analyzed using unpaired Ordinary One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons test. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Circulating inflammatory cytokines of subjects with T2D, OB and controls. Serum (A) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), (B) Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and (C) Adiponectin. The unit of TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations was pg/mL, while adiponectin concentration was ng/mL. The box plots show the medians (middle line) and first and third quartiles (boxes), and the whiskers show the minimum and maximum. Medians and interquartile ranges, differences between groups were analyzed using Ordinary One-Way ANOVA.

Gene expression analysis of inflammatory markers in trabecular bone samples of subjects with T2D, OB and controls.

mRNA levels of (A) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), (B) Interleukin-6 (IL-6), (C) Interleukin-10 (IL-10), (D) Interleukin-8 (IL-8), (E) Adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and (F) secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5). Data are expressed as fold changes over beta-actin. Medians and interquartile ranges, differences between groups were analyzed using non-parametric One-Way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test).

Gene expression analysis of Wnt signaling pathway in trabecular bone samples of subjects with T2D, OB and controls.

mRNA levels of (A) Sclerostin (SOST) (B) Wnt family member 10B (WNT10B), (C) T-cell factor/ lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1), (D) Wnt family member 5A (WNT5A), and (E) glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). Data are expressed as fold changes over beta-actin. Medians and interquartile ranges, differences between groups were analyzed using non-parametric One-Way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test).

Correlation analysis of inflammatory and Wnt target genes in all study subjects.

Correlations between Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and (A) sclerostin (SOST), (B) Wnt family member 5A (WNT5A), (C) glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), (D) Wnt family member 10B (WNT10B), and (E) T-cell factor/ lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1). (F) Correlation between Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and sclerostin (SOST). Correlation between Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and (G) sclerostin (SOST), (H) Wnt family member 5A (WNT5A). (I) Correlation between secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) and T-cell factor/ lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1). Data were analyzed using nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis and r represents the correlation coefficient.

Correlation analysis of circulating inflammatory cytokines and Young’s Modulus in all study subjects.

Correlations between (A) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Young’s Modulus, and (B) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Young’s Modulus. Data were analyzed using nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis and r represents the correlation coefficient.

Correlation analysis of circulating inflammatory cytokines and Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass in all study subjects.

Correlations between (A) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and VAT mass, and (B) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and VAT mass. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and r represents the correlation coefficient.

Correlation analysis of SOST mRNA levels in bone and fasting blood glucose in subjects with obesity (OB). Data were analyzed using nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis and r represents the correlation coefficient.