Example of the preprocessing protocol.

(A) All NCCT scans were skull stripped and registered to a population-based high resolution NCCT template with dimensions of 256 x 256 x 256 and voxel spacings of 1 x 1 x 1mm. (B) example of a registered NCCT axial slice at presentation and (C) 24 hours in a patient with hematoma expansion. (F) the corresponding segmented and normalized hematoma image at presentation (G) and 24-hours for the same patient. (D) example of a registered NCCT axial slice at presentation (E) and 24 hours in a patient without hematoma expansion. (H) The corresponding normalized hematoma image at presentation (I) and 24-hours in the same patient. Examples of segmented presentation non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) hematoma images separated into groups of (J) hematoma expansion (≥ 6mL hematoma volume increase at the 24 hour interval NCCT scan) and (K) no hematoma expansion (<6mL hematoma volume increase at the 24 hour interval NCCT scan), demonstrating a lack of visually discernible difference between the two groups. Abbreviations: NCCT = non-contrast computed tomography.

Results of the TBM model adjusted for location and clinical information in predicting 24-hour hematoma volume from the test dataset.

(A) Scatter plots showing the relationship between the hematoma image features in the test dataset projected onto the most correlated direction wcorr in transport space and change in hematoma volume from the presentation to the 24-hour NCCT scan. (B) Inverse transformations of three two-dimensional axial slice examples of the hematoma morphometric features found by the model to be associated with increasing growth, shown from left to right of the x-axis (C) Inverse transformations of the hematoma morphometric features overlaid onto the axial NCCT scan associated with least growth, left, and most growth, right. Abbreviations: NCCT = non-contrast computed tomography, TBM = transport-based morphometry, CC = correlation co-efficient σ = standard deviation of the pixel intensity distribution along wcorr.

Results of the TBM model adjusted for location and clinical information in predicting 24-hour hematoma expansion from the test dataset.

(A) Mean probability distributions of the hematoma image features in the test dataset projected onto the most discriminant direction w0 in transport space showing the degree of separation between the expansion (red) and no expansion (blue) groups by the learned pLDA classifier boundary. (B) AUROC analyses and corresponding 95% confidence intervals of the performance of the pLDA classifier in the test dataset for (C) Inverse transformations of three two-dimensional axial slice examples of the hematoma morphometric features found by the model to be associated with increasing likelihood of expansion, shown from left to right of the x-axis (D) Inverse transformations of the hematoma morphometric features overlaid onto the axial NCCT scan least associated with expansion, left, and most associated with expansion, right. Abbreviations: NCCT = non-contrast computed tomography, TBM = transport-based morphometry, AUROC = area under the receiver operator curve, pLDA = penalized linear discriminant analysis, σ = standard deviation of the pixel intensity distribution along w0.

Independent effects of hematoma location as a predictor of 24-hour hematoma expansion.

Two-dimensional examples of inverse transformations overlaid onto NCCT scans in the axial (top row), sagittal (second row) and coronal (third row) planes showing from left to right of the x-axis the hematoma morphometric features and location direction found by the TBM model to be associated with increasing likelihood of expansion. Abbreviations: NCCT = non-contrast computed tomography, TBM = transport-based morphometry, σ = standard deviation of the pixel intensity distribution along w0.

Comparisons of the performance of existing NCCT hematoma expansion prediction scores with comparison to the final TBM model adjusted for location and clinical information in test dataset.

Hematoma expansion was defined as ≥ 6mL hematoma volume increase from the presentation to the 24±6 hour NCCT scan. Abbreviations: AUROC = Area Under the Receiver Operator Curve, ROC = Receiver Operator Curve, TBM = transport-based morphometry, NCCT = non-contrast computed tomography, HEAVN = Heavn score, Brain = Brain score, HEP = Hematoma expansion prediction score, Pt = 10-point score, BAT = BAT score, TBM = transport-based morphometry.