Clinical characteristics of participants at baseline.

Antiretroviral drug concentrations in plasma and rectal tissue.

Plasma (A) and tissue (B) concentrations of DTG, as well as plasma (C) and tissue (D) concentrations of 3TC, were compared between days 0 (D0) and 84 (D84) in intensified and control groups. Wilcoxon tests were used to calculate statistical significance.

Longitudinal dynamics of HIV reservoir markers.

(A-C) Fold change of total HIV DNA in PBMCs (A), US HIV RNA in PBMCs (B), and US RNA/total DNA ratios (C) from baseline on days 1, 28, 56, and 84 of the study in the intensified (blue) and control (red) groups. Median values and IQRs are shown. Linear mixed-effects modelling on log10-transformed values was used to calculate statistical significance. P values at the bottom of the graphs show the significance of between-group comparisons and those on top of the graphs show the significance of comparisons of the changes from baseline with zero in each group separately (intercept-only analysis). An upward or downward facing arrow next to a p value indicates a statistically significant increase or decrease from baseline, respectively. Participant numbers in both groups per time point are indicated below the graphs. (D, E) Comparisons of intact HIV DNA in PBMCs (D) and of total HIV DNA in rectal tissue (E) between days 0 (D0) and 84 (D84) in the intensified and control groups. Open circles depict undetectable values, assigned the values corresponding to 50% of the assay detection limits. Wilcoxon tests were used to calculate statistical significance. All p values are marked red if significant (<0.05).

Longitudinal dynamics of cellular markers of immune activation and exhaustion.

Graphs show changes of (A) CD4+ cell markers and (B) CD8+ cell markers from baseline on days 1, 28, 56, and 84 of the study in the intensified (blue) and control (red) groups. Median values and IQRs are shown. Linear mixed-effects modelling was used to calculate statistical significance. P values at the bottom of the graphs show the significance of between-group comparisons and those on top of the graphs show the significance of comparisons of the changes from baseline with zero in each group separately (intercept-only analysis). An upward or downward facing arrow next to a p value indicates a statistically significant increase or decrease from baseline, respectively. P values are marked red if significant (<0.05).

Longitudinal dynamics of inflammation markers in plasma and tissue.

(A) Plasma inflammation markers. Graphs show changes of markers from baseline on days 1, 28, 56, and 84 of the study in the intensified (blue) and control (red) groups. Median values and IQRs are shown. Linear mixed-effects modelling was used to calculate statistical significance. P values at the bottom of the graphs show the significance of between-group comparisons and those on top of the graphs show the significance of comparisons of the changes from baseline with zero in each group separately (intercept-only analysis). An upward or downward facing arrow next to a p value indicates a statistically significant increase or decrease from baseline, respectively. P values are marked red if significant (<0.05). (B) Tissue inflammation markers. Markers were compared between days 0 (D0) and 84 (D84) in the intensified and control groups. Open circles depict undetectable values, assigned the values corresponding to 50% of the assay detection limits. Wilcoxon tests were used to calculate statistical significance.

Longitudinal dynamics of clinical markers.

Graphs show changes of markers from baseline on days 1, 28, 56, and 84 of the study in the intensified (blue) and control (red) groups. Median values and IQRs are shown. Linear mixed-effects modelling was used to calculate statistical significance. P values at the bottom of the graphs show the significance of between-group comparisons and those on top of the graphs show the significance of comparisons of the changes from baseline with zero in each group separately (intercept-only analysis). An upward or downward facing arrow next to a p value indicates a statistically significant increase or decrease from baseline, respectively. P values are marked red if significant (<0.05).