Anthropometric and biochemical analyses in study participants.

A) Muscle and fat biopsies collected from 10 controls and 10 women with PCOS at baseline and after treatment with electrical stimulations. Electrical stimulations were given 3 times/week for 5 weeks. B) The electrical stimulation protocol alternating between protocol 1 in red dots and protocol 2 in blue dots. Acupuncture points not connected to the stimulator were stimulated manually. Created with BioRender.com

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A) Volcano plot showing the mean protein log2 fold changein skeletal muscle (PCOS vs controls) plotted against the -log10 p value highlighting significantly regulated proteins in black (p<0.05, log2 fold change +/-0.5). n=10/group. B) Increased protein expression of apolipoproteins, aldo-keto reductase AKR1 C1 and C3, and perilipin-1 in those with PCOS, C) staining of perilipin-1 and DAPI in skeletal muscle.

A) Protein network using STRING analysis on proteins with a lower expression in PCOS skeletal muscle vs. controls. Lines indicate protein-protein associations. B) Decreased expression of the type I fiber specific protein mysosin hevy chain beta (MYH7) in those with PCOS. C) Lower expression of proteins in slow-twitch type I muscle fibers in PCOS vs controls (p<0.05, log2 fold change <-0.5). D, E) Immunoflourescent staining of type I muscle fibers with myosin heavy chain beta, and E) the cell membrane with WGA. F) Quantification of fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in E). G) Differently phosphorylated sites in proteins expressed in muscle filaments (p<0.05, log2 fold change +/-0.5).

A) Volcano plot showing the mean protein log2 fold change in adipose tissue (PCOS vs controls) plotted against the -log10 p value highlighting significantly regulated proteins (black; p<0.05, log2 fold change +/-0.5). n=10/group. B) All differentially expressed proteins in adipose tissue from women with PCOS. C) Picrosirius red staining of s.c. adipose tissue. Difference between women with PCOS and controls was based on Mann-Whitney U test and is presented as mean ± SD.

A) Volcano plot showing the mean protein log2 fold change in skeletal muscle (treatment vs baseline in PCOS) plotted against the -log10 p value highlighting significantly regulated proteins (black; p<0.05, log2 fold change +/-0.5). n=10/group. B) GO terms for biological function of the changed proteins. C) Representative pictures and quantification of picrosirius red staining of skeletal muscle before and after treatment with electrical stimulation in the same individual. Changes between baseline and after treatment was based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

A) Volcano plot showing the mean protein log2 fold change in adipose tissue (treatment vs baseline in PCOS) plotted against the -log10 p value highlighting significantly regulated proteins (black; p<0.05, log2 fold change +/-0.5). n=10/group. B) Representative pictures and quantification of picrosirius red staining of adipose tissue before and after treatment with electrical stimulation. Changes between baseline and after treatment was based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test.