Task and behavior.

A. Task timeline. Each trial started with an auditory start cue, followed by a 0.5 s delay. Next, the stimulus could occur anytime during a 2 s stimulation window. After a variable 0.5 to 1 s delay, a response cue prompted patients to answer whether or not they detected the stimulus. B. Two example sets of 1 s long microelectrode recordings along the surgical tract showing specific firing for the subthalamic nucleus (left) and the motor thalamus (right). The depth at which the research data was collected is represented as a red dot (see Figure S1 for anatomical correspondence). C. Number of hits, misses, correct rejections (C.R.), and false alarms (F.A.) collected during the main experiment. D. Averages of the absolute vibrotactile intensity in hits and misses in arbitrary units (values cannot be compared between participants). In panels C and D, each small dot represents a participant with Parkinson’s Disease (PD, in green) or essential tremor (ET, in orange). Big dots represent averages; error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Representative cue- and task-responsive neurons in distinct patients.

A-C. Upper panels: firing rates time-locked to the onset of a trial (300 ms long auditory cue; vertical purple shade), compared to a 500 ms pre-cue baseline (“B”). Two significance windows were tested: the post-cue window (500 ms after cue offset; grey horizontal bar; cue-selective neurons) or the stimulation window (800 ms to 2800 ms postcue; black horizontal bar; task-selective neurons). Asterisks represent statistical significance (p < 0.05). Shaded areas indicate bootstrapped standard errors. Inset: corresponding action potentials (shaded area indicates standard deviation; vertical bar corresponds to 100 µV, duration: 2.5 ms). Lower panels: raster plot with trials sorted by stimulus onset (dashed lines) and type: hits (blue), misses (red), correct rejections (C.R.; green), and false alarms (F.A.; black). A. Cue-selective neuron in the thalamus. B. Cue- and task-selective neurons in the STN. C. Task-selective neuron in the thalamus. D. Sagittal view of recording locations for thalamic (squares) and subthalamic (circles) targets (see Figure S4A for a coronal view) for patients for which we could obtain anatomical images. Filled circles or squares are cue/task-selective neurons. Legend: VL: ventral lateral thalamus, VPlm: ventral posterior lateral and medial thalamus, VPi: ventral posterior inferior thalamus, STN: subthalamic nucleus, SN: substantia nigra, GPi/e: globus pallidus internalis / externalis,

Representative stimulus-responsive neurons in distinct patients.

A-C. Upper panels: firing rate time-locked to the onset of the stimulus (100 ms vibrotactile stimulation; blue sinusoid) for all trials. Green trace represents corresponding activity for catch trials. Thick horizontal black segments show significant time windows. Shaded areas indicate bootstrapped standard errors. Inset: corresponding action potentials (shaded area indicates standard deviation; vertical bar corresponds to 100 µV, duration: 2.5 ms). Lower panels: raster plot. The 300 ms pre-stimulus baseline was used only for statistics. D. Sagittal view of recording locations for thalamic (squares) and subthalamic (circles) targets (see Figure S4B for a coronal view) for patients for which we could obtain anatomical images. . Filled circles or squares are sensory-selective neurons. Legend: VL: ventral lateral thalamus, VPlm: ventral posterior lateral and medial thalamus, VPi: ventral posterior inferior thalamus, STN: subthalamic nucleus, SN: substantia nigra, GPi/e: globus pallidus internalis / externalis,

Representative perception-selective neurons in distinct patients.

A-C Upper panels: firing rate time-locked to the onset of the stimulus (100 ms vibrotactile stimulation; blue sinusoid) for hits (light blue) and misses (red). Thick horizontal black segments show significant time windows. Shaded areas indicate bootstrapped standard errors. Inset: corresponding action potentials (shaded area indicates standard deviation; vertical bar corresponds to 100 µV, duration: 2.5 ms). Lower panels: raster plot for hits (light blue) and misses (red). See Figure S5 for all neurons that are perception- or sensory-selective. D. Sagittal view of recording locations for thalamic (squares) and subthalamic (circles) targets (see Figure S4C for a coronal view) for patients for which we could obtain anatomical images. Filled circles or squares are perception-selective neurons. Legend: VL: ventral lateral thalamus, VPlm: ventral posterior lateral and medial thalamus, VPi: ventral posterior inferior thalamus, STN: subthalamic nucleus, SN: substantia GPi/e: globus pallidus internalis / externalis.

Number of neurons with a significant effect over time for sensory-selective neurons (green) and perception-selective neurons (red). Arrows show the corresponding early and late cluster centroids (green for sensory; red for perception).