Figures and data
Changes in the transcriptomics and proteomics landscape, along with the associated gene ontology. (A-F) These panels highlight the common genes and proteins associated with individual compounds, with different colors indicating the distribution of these genes and proteins across various gene ontology terms.
Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) Analysis and Intracellular Targets significant alterations are depicted teal color
(A) Top 10 intracellular targets and their corresponding minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for individual compounds. (B) Volcano plot of protein solubility alterations for Compound IV at MIC. (C) Scatterplot showing protein solubility changes for Compound IV compared to baseline. (D) Volcano plot of protein solubility alterations for Compound IVa at MIC. (E) Scatterplot displaying protein solubility changes for Compound IVa compared to baseline. (F) Volcano plot of protein solubility alterations for Compound IVb at MIC. (G) Scatterplot indicating protein solubility changes for Compound IVb compared to baseline. (H) Volcano plot of protein solubility alterations for Compound IVj at MIC. (I) Scatterplot highlighting protein solubility changes for Compound IVj compared to baseline. (J) Volcano plot showing no significant alterations in protein solubility for Compound IVk at MIC. (K) Scatterplot displaying no significant alterations in protein solubility for Compound IVk compared to baseline.
Interactions of drugs with essential proteins.
(A) The intracellular essential protein targets detected for compound IV. The data highlights significant alterations (shown in black) in protein solubility compared to the baseline protein expression changes.
(B) Protein co-expression network among the essential proteins with significant alterations by the compound IV. Highlighted nodes indicate the distribution of the first Gene Ontology (GO) term associated with these proteins.
(C) Protein targets detected for compound IVa are presented. The data highlights significant alterations (shown in black) in protein solubility compared to the baseline protein expression changes.
(D) Protein co-expression network among the essential proteins with significant alterations by the compound IVa. Highlighted nodes indicate the distribution of the first Gene Ontology (GO) term associated with these proteins.
(E) The intracellular essential protein targets detected for compound IVb are presented. The data highlights significant alterations (shown in black) in protein solubility compared to the baseline protein expression changes.
(F) Protein co-expression network among the essential proteins with significant alterations by the compound IVb. Highlighted nodes indicate the distribution of the first Gene Ontology (GO) term associated with these proteins.
(G) The intracellular essential protein targets detected for compound IVj are presented. The data highlights significant alterations (shown in black) in protein solubility compared to the baseline protein expression changes.
(H) The figure illustrates the protein co-expression network among the essential proteins with significant alterations for compound IVj. Highlighted nodes indicate the distribution of the first Gene Ontology (GO) term associated with these proteins.
Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) and the selection of drug-associated pathways.
(A) The clustering dendrogram and expression heatmap of genes are presented, identifying the WGCNA modules.
(B) The correlation between the identified modules and different treatments is displayed. Modules that exhibit a significant association with traits, indicated by a correlation greater than 0.5 and a p-value less than 0.05. Red and green colors represent positive and negative correlations with gene expression, respectively.
(C) The distribution of different WGCNA modules within the protein co-expression network of H. pylori is depicted.
Identification of target-associated pathways.
(A) Differential expression of proteins influenced by Compound IV. Upregulated proteins are represented in red, while downregulated proteins are represented in blue. The targets associated with Compound IV are highlighted within the brown module.
(B) Differential expression of proteins influenced by Compound IVa. Upregulated proteins are represented in red, while downregulated proteins are represented in blue. The targets associated with Compound IVa are highlighted within the brown module.
(C) Differential expression of proteins influenced by Compound IVb. Upregulated proteins are represented in red, while downregulated proteins are represented in blue. The targets associated with Compound IVb are highlighted within the pink module.
(D) Differential expression of proteins influenced by Compound IVb. Upregulated proteins are represented in red, while downregulated proteins are represented in blue. The targets associated with Compound IVb are highlighted within the megenta module.
(E) Differential expression of proteins influenced by Compound IVj. Upregulated proteins are represented in red, while downregulated proteins are represented in blue. The targets associated with Compound IVj are highlighted within the brown module.
(F) Differential expression of proteins influenced by Compound IVk. Upregulated proteins are represented in red, while downregulated proteins are represented in blue. The targets associated with Compound IVk are highlighted within the turquoise module.
Biophysical assays validating changes in the targeted pathway.
(A) The time-kill curves were obtained by measuring the bacterial growth inhibition using an initial inoculum of 10^5 CFU/ml at various time points up to 24 hours.
(B) Flow cytometry analysis was utilized to quantify the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with fluorescence intensity plotted against counts. The presented data represents the compilation of three independent experiments.
(C) Flow cytometry analysis was performed on both control and drug-treated H. pylori cells following the TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling) assay protocol. The data is presented as a density plot of fluorescence intensity versus the cell counts. The presented data represents the compilation of three independent experiments.
(D) Changes in the ATP production rate and The presented data represent eight replicates of a single experiment.
(E) OCR of each sample (with 6 replicates) at 60 minutes was related to the basal OCR and compared with the same ratio obtained with the sole DMSO (as the untreated reference sample). Values are the means of the replicates ±SD.
Compounds used in the assay and the study design.
(A) The compounds used in this assay were selected from a high-throughput screening that aimed to identify flavodoxin binders from a diverse chemical library of 10,000 compounds. Through several rounds of chemical variation and efficacy testing, a family of novel nitrobenzoxadiazol-based antimicrobials emerged, with compound IV as the lead compound. Compound IVj and IVk are more soluble derivatives of compound IV, and IVa is a derivative of compound IV with an amine functionality. The compounds bearing an amine functionality are narrow-spectrum antimicrobials that exhibit high specificity against H. pylori and potentially other gastric Helicobacter species but not enterohepatic Helicobacter species. The two compounds tested that contain a nitro functionality show extended-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria, the Helicobacter genus, and C. jejuni. These extended-spectrum antimicrobials may have potential for novel therapies against Gram-positive bacteria, while the narrow-spectrum ones may be useful specifically against H. pylori.
(B) Transcriptomics Study Design for Drug Testing: Provide a description of the transcriptomics study design for drug testing.
(C) Proteomics Assay Study Design for Drug Testing: Provide a description of the proteomics assay study design for drug testing.
(D) Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) Assay Study Design for Determination of Intracellular Targets: Provide a description of the Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) assay study design for determining intracellular targets.
(E) The heatmap displays 771 differentially expressed genes, and hierarchical clustering is performed based on different compounds.
(F) The heatmap represents 113 differentially expressed proteins, and hierarchical clustering is conducted based on different compounds.
Gene ontology analysis of Compound IV and its derivatives
(A) Volcano plot: Displays the differentially expressed genes identified from the transcriptomics assay.
(B) Distribution of gene ontology components associated with Compound IV: Shows the distribution of gene ontology terms associated with the biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components influenced by Compound IV.
(C) Distribution of gene ontology components and String cluster associated with Compound IVa: Presents the distribution of gene ontology terms and String cluster analysis results associated with Compound IVa.
(D) Distribution of gene ontology components associated with Compound IVb: Illustrates the distribution of gene ontology terms associated with the biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components influenced by Compound IVb.
(E) Distribution of gene ontology components associated with Compound IVj: Shows the distribution of gene ontology terms associated with the biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components influenced by Compound IVj.
(F) Distribution of gene ontology components and String cluster associated with Compound IVk: Presents the distribution of gene ontology terms and String cluster analysis results associated with Compound IVk, which is a more soluble derivative of Compound IVa.
(G) Distribution of gene ontology components associated with Compound MNZ: Depicts the distribution of gene ontology terms associated with the biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components influenced by Compound MNZ.
Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration coupled with expression proteomics (PISA-Express) analysis for different compounds at 5x of MIC.
(A) Changes in expression proteomics data and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration results in five times of MIC concentrations of Compound IV.
(B) Comparison of the expression proteomics data with Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration demonstrates significant alterations (teal color) in protein solubility for Compound IV.
(C) Changes in expression proteomics data and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration results in five times of MIC concentrations of Compound IVa.
(D) Comparison of the expression proteomics data with Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration demonstrates significant alterations (teal color) in protein solubility for Compound IVa.
(E) Compound IVb does not revile any Changes in expression proteomics data and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration results in five times of MIC concentrations of Compound IVb.
(F) Comparison of the expression proteomics data and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration results with five times of MIC concentrations of Compound IVb showing a negative correlation but does not revile any significant changes.
(G) Changes in expression proteomics data and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration results in five times of MIC concentrations of Compound IVj.
(H) Comparison of the expression proteomics data with Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration demonstrates significant alterations (teal color) in protein solubility for Compound IVj.
(I) Changes in expression proteomics data and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration results in five times of MIC concentrations of Compound IVk.
(J) Comparison of the expression proteomics data with Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration demonstrates significant alterations (teal color) in protein solubility for Compound IVk.
Concentration-dependent changes in Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration
(A) Concentration-dependent targets for Compound IV: Shows the targets that exhibit a concentration-dependent response to Compound IV, represented by the teal color.
(B) Concentration-dependent targets for Compound IVa: Shows the targets that exhibit a concentration-dependent response to Compound IVa, represented by the teal color.
(C) Concentration-dependent targets for Compound IVb: Shows the targets that exhibit a concentration-dependent response to Compound IVb, represented by the teal color.
(D) Concentration-dependent targets for Compound IVj: Shows the targets that exhibit a concentration-dependent response to Compound IVj, represented by the teal color.
(D) We have not detected any significant concentration-dependent targets for Compound IVk.
Gene expression heatmap and correlation of different compounds across modules from the WGCNA analysis.
(A) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “red”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “red” module. It also depicts the protein-protein coexpression network of the genes in this module and the associated gene ontology.
(B) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “brown”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “brown” module. It also illustrates the protein-protein coexpression network of the genes in this module and the associated gene ontology.
Gene expression heatmap and correlation of different compounds across modules from the WGCNA analysis.
(A) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “magents”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “ magents “ module. It also depicts the protein-protein coexpression network of the genes in this module and the associated gene ontology.
(B) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “Greenyellow”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “ Greenyellow “ module. It also illustrates the protein-protein coexpression network of the genes in this module and the associated gene ontology.
Gene expression heatmap and correlation of different compounds across modules from the WGCNA analysis.
(A) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “pink”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “pink” module. It also depicts the protein-protein coexpression network of the genes in this module and the associated gene ontology.
(B) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “turquoise”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “ turquoise “ module. It also illustrates the protein-protein coexpression
Gene expression heatmap and correlation of different compounds across modules from the WGCNA analysis.
(A) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “black”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “ black “ module. It also depicts the protein-protein coexpression network of the genes in this module and the associated gene ontology.
(B) Gene expression heatmap and correlation in module “purple”: This figure shows the gene expression patterns of Compound IV and its derivatives, along with their correlation in the “ purple” module. It also illustrates the protein-protein coexpression
Associations between different modules and specific targets for Compound IV and its derivatives.
(A-B) First neighbors of the target proteins CagA and FtsA from the “brown” module associated with Compound IV. (C) Module “magenta” associated with Compound IV. (D) Module “black” associated with Compound IV, with Tig as a target. (E-F) First neighbors of the target proteins CagA and FtsA from the “brown” module associated with Compound IVa. (G) Module “magenta” associated with Compound IVa, with ObgE as a target. (H) Module “purple” associated with Compound IVa. (I) Module “purple” associated with Compound IVb. (J) Module “greenyellow” associated with Compound IVb, with two uncharacterized proteins as targets.
Associations between different modules and specific targets for Compound IV and its derivatives.
(A) Module “red” associated with Compound IVb. (B) Module “magenta” associated with Compound IVb, with ObgE as a target. (C) Module “purple” associated with Compound IVj. (D) Module “black” associated with Compound IVj, with Tig as a target. (E) Module “greenyellow” associated with Compound IVj, with a hypothetical protein as a target. (F) Module “pink” associated with Compound IVk, with a hypothetical protein as a target. (G) Module “brown” associated with Compound IVk, with a hypothetical protein as a target. (H) Module “red” associated with Compound IVk, with a hypothetical protein as a target.
