(A) A schematic diagram of the swim central pattern generator (CPG). The CPG consists of three types of interneurons: C2, cerebral cell 2; DSI, dorsal swim interneuron; VSI, ventral swim … see more
(A) Nerve-transected animals were blindly paired with sham-operated animals. Two examples (Pair 1 and Pair 2) show different effects on the number of body flexions during the escape swim behavior … see more
(A) A schematic drawing of the Tritonia brain showing how axonal impulse propagation was blocked in PdN6 either by delivering TTX (1 × 10−4M) into a suction pipette or by physical transection. The … see more
(A) The number of VSI bursts per swim motor pattern episode recorded from Animal 1 was more affected by blocking PdN6 than that from Animal 2 (same individuals as in Figure 3B). The swim motor … see more
(A) A schematic illustration showing the stimulus (C2) and recording (VSI) microelectrodes, the direction of action potential propagation (dashed arrows) in C2 and VSI, and synaptic action (+, … see more
Source data for panel C.
(A) A schematic illustration showing the stimulus (C2) and recording (VSI) microelectrodes, the direction of action potential propagation (dashed arrows) in C2, and synaptic action (+, excitatory; … see more
Source data for panels C and D.
Source data for figure supplement 1 panel B.
(A) C2 stimulation caused a bombardment of small EPSPs that lasted longer than the duration of stimulation (black trace). Recruitment of these polysynaptic EPSPs was minimized by superfusion of … see more
(A) Two examples (Animals 5 and 6) of VSI membrane potential responses to C2 stimulation recorded with PdN6 disconnected in normal saline (left) and in high divalent cation (Hi-Di) saline (right) to … see more
Source data for panel B.
Source data for figure supplement 1.
The magnitude of C2-evoked VSI depolarization in normal saline did not correlate to the direct C2-evoked depolarization measured in Hi-Di saline (A, R2 = 0.04, p=0.37 by linear regression, N = 24), … see more
(A) A schematic diagram showing the recording configuration. VSI action potentials were recorded with an intracellular microelectrode in the soma and an extracellular en passant suction electrode on … see more
Source data for panel D.
Source data for figure supplement 1 panels B and C.
(A) Individual bursts were categorized into three groups: (i) burst with all antidromic spikes, (ii) burst with mixture of antidromic and orthodromic spikes, and (iii) burst with all orthodromic … see more
A) Recordings of a five-cycle swim motor pattern with PdN6 intact (Ai). Introduction of an artificial synaptic conductance from C2 to VSI using dynamic clamp (D.C.) had no effect on the number of … see more
Source data for panels B and C.
(A) Recordings from the same preparation as Figure 9, but with PdN6 disconnected. PdN6 disconnection reduced the number of VSI bursts from five to four bursts per swim episode (Ai) (Compare with Figu… see more