Tagging motor memories with transcranial direct current stimulation allows later artificially-controlled retrieval
- The University of Tokyo, Japan
- University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Osaka University, Japan
- Kochi University of Technology, Japan
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Japan
- Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Belgium
Figures
Figure 1
Experimental procedure.
(a) Participants performed a reaching movement toward a target located 10 cm ahead of the starting position. Participants were trained with a rightward or leftward velocity-dependent force field …
Figure 2 with 2 supplements
Experimental results during the test period.
(a) Motor memory evaluated as the force output using the error-clamp trials for the T-TACAC (open circle) and T-TCACA subgroups (filled circle) during the test period. The positive force indicates …
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Definition of factors 'period' and 'block order'.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15378.005
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
Trial-dependent changes in the handle’s peak velocity for the T-TACAC (open circle) and T-TCACA subgroups (filled circle) during the testing period.
The format is identical to Figure 2 (a), (d), and (g).
Figure 3 with 3 supplements
Modulation of the residuals, with block, during the test period.
(a) The force output residuals from the exponential fitting of 4 blocks for the T-TACAC (dashed line and open circle) and T-TCACA (solid line and filled circle) groups. The error bars indicate …
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Calculations for residuals.
Force data were fitted using a sum of two exponential curves, and fitted curves were subtracted from the data to obtain the residuals. If there were no block-dependent modulation, the residuals …
Figure 3—figure supplement 2
Polarity-dependent changes in the aftereffect for the Tffrev-T groups.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15378.009
Figure 3—figure supplement 3
The residuals obtained using a single exponential curve instead of two exponential curves.
The format is identical to Figure 3. The results were not substantially different from those obtained using two exponential curves. As for the T-T group results (a), there was a significant …
Figure 4
Difference in ΔForce between experimental groups.
(a) ΔForce for the S-T group was subtracted from the T-T group. The solid line and shaded grey area indicates the mean and standard deviation of the bootstrapped samples (moving average calculated …
Figure 5
Results during the test period for the PPC group.
(a) Force output during the test period. (b) Trial dependent change in ΔForce obtained with a bootstrap method. The solid line and grey area indicates mean and standard deviation of the bootstrapped …
Figure 6
Results during the training period.
(a) Trial-by-trial changes in lateral deviation evaluated at the peak handle velocity. Only data averaged among participants are displayed; depicting standard errors makes it difficult to observe …
Author response image 1
Curves fitted for individual data (cyan and magenta) and the averaged curves (blue and red) when two exponential curves (a) and a single exponential curve (b) were used.
The residual values were different (c, d), but the presence of modulation was not influenced.
