Direct screening for chromatin status on DNA barcodes in yeast delineates the regulome of H3K79 methylation by Dot1
Abstract
Given the frequent misregulation of chromatin in cancer, it is important to understand the cellular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure. However, systematic screening for epigenetic regulators is challenging and often relies on laborious assays or indirect reporter read-outs. Here we describe a strategy, Epi-ID, to directly assess chromatin status in thousands of mutants. In Epi-ID, chromatin status on DNA barcodes is interrogated by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing, allowing for quantitative comparison of many mutants in parallel. Screening of a barcoded yeast knock-out collection for regulators of histone H3K79 methylation by Dot1 identified all known regulators as well as novel players and processes. These include histone deposition, homologous recombination, and adenosine kinase, which influences the methionine cycle. Gcn5, the acetyltransferase within the SAGA complex, was found to regulate histone methylation and H2B ubiquitination. The concept of Epi-ID is widely applicable and can be readily applied to other chromatin features.
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Funding
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO-VICI-016.130.627)
- Fred van Leeuwen
KWF Kankerbestrijding (KWF NKI2014-7232)
- Fred van Leeuwen
KWF Kankerbestrijding (KWF NKI2009-4511)
- Fred van Leeuwen
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO-VIDI 723.012.102)
- AF Maarten Altelaar
National Roadmap Large-scale Research Facilities of The Netherlands (184.032.201)
- Liesbeth Hoekman
- AF Maarten Altelaar
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NCI-KIEM-731.013.102)
- Fred van Leeuwen
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NCI-LIFT-731.015.405)
- Fred van Leeuwen
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Copyright
© 2016, Vlaming et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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Type II nuclear receptors (T2NRs) require heterodimerization with a common partner, the retinoid X receptor (RXR), to bind cognate DNA recognition sites in chromatin. Based on previous biochemical and overexpression studies, binding of T2NRs to chromatin is proposed to be regulated by competition for a limiting pool of the core RXR subunit. However, this mechanism has not yet been tested for endogenous proteins in live cells. Using single-molecule tracking (SMT) and proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), we monitored interactions between endogenously tagged RXR and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in live cells. Unexpectedly, we find that higher expression of RAR, but not RXR, increases heterodimerization and chromatin binding in U2OS cells. This surprising finding indicates the limiting factor is not RXR but likely its cadre of obligate dimer binding partners. SMT and PAPA thus provide a direct way to probe which components are functionally limiting within a complex TF interaction network providing new insights into mechanisms of gene regulation in vivo with implications for drug development targeting nuclear receptors.