An intersectional gene regulatory strategy defines subclass diversity of C. elegans motor neurons

  1. Paschalis Kratsios  Is a corresponding author
  2. Sze Yen Kerk
  3. Catarina Catela
  4. Joseph Liang
  5. Berta Vidal
  6. Emily A Bayer
  7. Weidong Feng
  8. Estanisla Daniel De La Cruz
  9. Laura Croci
  10. G Giacomo Consalez
  11. Kota Mizumoto
  12. Oliver Hobert  Is a corresponding author
  1. University of Chicago, United States
  2. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, United States
  3. The University of British Columbia, Canada
  4. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
  5. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy
10 figures and 1 table

Figures

Figure 1 with 1 supplement
A map of subclass-specific genes provides an entry point to study MN subclass diversification.

(A) Schematic showing seven C. elegans MN classes (SAB, DA, DB, VA, VB, AS, VC), which are color-coded. Individual neurons of each class intermingle and populate three regions along the A-P axis; …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.002
Figure 1—source data 1

Summary of synaptic wiring data.

(extracted from www.wormwiring.org). <> = gap junction (electrical synapse), > = chemical synapse, bwm = body wall muscle, MSN = male-specific neuron (all such connections lettered in blue). Note that only some subclass-specific connections are non-dimorphic (green), while most are sexually dimorphic (red). Only connections represented by >3 serial sections are shown. The extent of dimorphism of the VB1 neurons is not currently known because of absence of available male data.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.003
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Validation of MN subclass-specific gene expression.

Transgenic gfp reporter animals for sra-36, avr-15, flp-18, ser-2, itr-1, and egl-5 were crossed with subclass-specific red fluorescent markers (ser-2, glr-4) or a marker that labels all cholinergic …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.004
The terminal selector UNC-3 is required for MN subclass diversification.

(A) Schematic showing subclass-specific gene expression in posterior MNs. (B–C) The expression of multiple subclass-specific markers (DA9: itr-1, glr-4, mig-13; VA12: mig-13, flp-18; DA1-7/DB: unc-12…

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.006
The C. elegans HOX genes egl-5/Abd-B/Hox9-Hox13, lin-39/Scr/Dfd. /Hox4-Hox5 and mab-5 (Antp)/Hox6-Hox8 are expressed in a subclass-specific manner.

(A) Fosmid-based reporters for egl-5, lin-39 and mab-5 reveal MN subclass-specific expression. A differential interference contrast (DIC) image of the anterior and posterior half of a C. elegans

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.007
Figure 4 with 1 supplement
Hox genes – like unc-3 – control the expression of MN subclass-specific genes along the A-P axis.

(A–B) The expression of the subclass-specific markers unc-129 (DA1-7/DB) and del-1 (VA1-11/VB) is significantly affected in lin-39 mab-5 double mutants, as well as in animals lacking ceh-20, C. …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.008
Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Analysis of acetylcholine pathway gene expression in Hox mutants and ceh-20/Pbx analysis.

(A) The expression of the acetylcholine (ACh) pathway gene unc-17/VAChT is not affected in cholinergic ventral nerve cord MNs of lin-39(n1760)mab-5(e1239) double mutant animals. Quantification is …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.009
The terminal selector unc-3 and the HOX genes egl-5/Abd-B/Hox9-Hox13, lin-39/Scr/Dfd/Hox4-Hox5 and mab-5/Antp/Hox6-Hox8 act synergistically.

(A) The expression of lin-39 and mab-5 is not affected in ventral cord MNs of unc-3 mutants. The number of lin-39 and mab-5 positive MNs was quantified in wild-type and unc-3(e151) animals. N.S: not …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.010
Figure 6 with 1 supplement
The Hox gene lin-39/Scr/Dfd/Hox4-Hox5 and the terminal selector unc-3 regulate directly the expression of the subclass-specific genes unc-129/TGFβ and del-1.

(A) The binding site for UNC-3 (COE motif) and LIN-39 are shown. The COE motif has been previously characterized (Kratsios et al., 2011), while the LIN-39 site was identified though ChIP-seq …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.011
Figure 6—figure supplement 1
The Hox genes lin-39/Scr/Dfd/Hox4-Hox5 and mab-5 (Antp) bind directly to the cis-regulatory region of MN subclass-specific genes.

(A) Genome browser view of the unc-129 locus (www.wormbase.org). ChIP-seq for LIN-39 reveals binding at the cis-regulatory region of unc-129 (243bp fragment shown as a black solid line), which …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.012
Figure 7 with 1 supplement
Evidence for homeotic activities of egl-5/Abd-B/Hox9-Hox13 in motor neuron subclasses.

(A) Schematic showing that the subclass-specific markers unc-129 (DA1-7/DB) and del-1 (VA1-11/VB) are not expressed in DA9 and VA12 of WT animals, respectively. In egl-5(n945) mutants, unc-129 is …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.013
Figure 7—figure supplement 1
Analysis of potential Hox cross-regulatory interactions.

(A) The expression of egl-5 expression is not affected (not de-repressed in VNC MNs) in lin-39(n1760);mab-5(e1239) double mutants. N indicates number of animals. White dotted line in A and B

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.014
egl-5/Abd-B/Hox9-Hox13 affects synaptic wiring of the DA9 neurons.

(A) Schematic showing the location of DA9 neuromuscular synapses in WT, egl-5(n945), egl-5(n945); Ex [glr-4prom::egl-5] animals. On the right, the pre-synaptic boutons of the DA9 synapses were …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.015
Figure 9 with 1 supplement
The Hox gene mab-5/Antp/Hox6-Hox8 is required for DA and AS subclass diversification.

(A) Schematic summarizing the expression of mab-5 and several subclass-specific markers (unc-129, itr-1, glr-4) in DA7, DA8 and DA9 neurons of WT animals. (B) The expression of the DA1-7/DB marker un…

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.016
Figure 9—figure supplement 1
unc-3 and HOX also collaborate to control expression of intermediary regulatory factors.

(A) The expression of cfi-1 (based on transcriptional and a fosmid-based reporter) is affected in VNC MNs (including DA1-8) of lin-39(n1760);mab-5(e1239) mutants (L4 stage). Quantification on the …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.017
Figure 10 with 2 supplements
Model that conceptually summarizes the key findings of this paper.

(A) A schematic summarizing the intersectional expression of unc-3 and C. elegans Hox genes in MNs along the A-P axis. (B) Our findings reveal an intersectional strategy in which a non-regionally …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.018
Figure 10—figure supplement 1
The unc-3 ortholog Ebf2 is co-expressed with distinct Hox genes in spinal motor neurons.

(A) Side view of the mouse spinal cord. Motor neurons of the medial motor column (MMC, shown in green) are located on the ventral side along the A-P axis of the spinal cord. Lhx3 is marker for MMC …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.019
Figure 10—figure supplement 2
Expression analysis for Ebf1 and Ebf3 in mouse spinal motor neurons.

In situ hybridization analysis shows no detectable expression of Ebf1 and Ebf3 in spinal motor neurons from brachial, thoracic and lumbar regions at the embryonic day 14 (e14.5) of mouse embryo …

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.020

Tables

Table 1

Motor neuron subclass markers.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25751.005
GeneFunctionPreviously reported subclass expressionConfirmed subclass expressionRevised/new subclass expressionStage for onset of expression
(in hermaphrodites)
Sex-specificity of expression

UNC-3 dependency and COE motif number
del-1DEG/ENaC ion channelVA1-VA12
VB1-VB11 SABVL/R*

VA1-VA11
VB1-VB11
SABVL/R
VA1-VA11: late L2
VB1-VB11: early L2
SABVL/R: 3-fold embryo
Yes, in males VA12 also express del-1Yes (3 motifs)
unc-129TGF-beta like moleculeDA1-DA7, DB1-DB7, SABD§DA1-DA7, DB1-DB7, SABD#
DA1-DA7, DB1-DB7, SABD: L1NoYes (3 motifs)
hum-2unconventional myosinDB1DB1**
DB1: L1 or earlierNoN. D (1 motif)
bnc-1C2H2 Zn finger transcription factorVA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R††VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R‡‡
VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R: late L1Yes, CP7 and CP8†† in male VNCYes7 (4 motifs)
cfi-1ARID-type transcription factorDA1-DA8§§, DB1-DB7DA1-DA8##, DB1-DB7VA2-VA11, VB3-VB11##DA1-DA8: not determined
VA2-11, VB3-VB11: late L1
Not determinedYes (>5 motifs)
avr-15Glutamate-gated cloride channelDA9, VA12¶¶
VA11, AS11***VA11, AS11: late L3Yes, 4 additional neurons (not ACh) in male PAGYes (4 motif)
flp-18FMRF-like neuropeptidenone
VA11
VA12†††
VA11: L2/L3
VA12: L2/L3
Yes, 8 additional cells/neurons in male tailYes (1 motif)
ser-2tyramine receptorDA9‡‡‡
DA8§§§DA8: L1 or earlierNoNo (0 motifs)
mig-13transmembrane proteinDA9, VA12###DA9
VA12¶¶¶

DA9: L1 or earlier
VA12: L2
Yes, 2 additional ACh tail neuronsYes (1 motif)
glr-4Glutamate receptor subunitnone
DA9****DA9: L1 or earlierNoYes (2 motifs)
itr-1Inositol triphosphate receptorPDA, DA9††††
DA9††††DA9: L2/L3NoYes (1 motif)
sra-36G-protein coupled receptornone
DA8
DA9
VA11‡‡‡‡
DA8, DA9: L1 or earlier
VA11: L2
NoN. D (2 motifs)
  1. *Reagent: wdIs3 X or wdIs6 II [del-1prom::gfp]; Winnier et al., 1999.

  2. Expression was confirmed in VA1-11, VB1-11, and SABVL/R based on cell body position, axonal trajectory, and expected number of neurons for each class. Also, see Figure 2C.

  3. As described in Winnier at al. (1999), by the end of L2, del-1prom::gfp is visible in a few anterior VAs. This expression progresses in a wave from anterior to posterior VAs, with all VAs (except VA12) expressing del-1prom::gfp by the L4/adult stage.

  4. §Reagent: evIs82B IV [unc-129prom::gfp]; Colavita et al. (1998), Kratsios et al. (2015)

  5. #Expression was confirmed in DA1-7, DB1-7, and SABD based on cell body position, axonal trajectory, cell type-specific markers, and expected number of neurons for each class. Also, see Figure 2C.

  6. Reagent: mdIs123 [hum-2prom::gfp] from James Rand and Stephen Fields; www.wormatlas.org

  7. **Expression was confirmed in DB1 based on cell body position and axonal trajectory. Also, see Figure 1B.

  8. ††Reagent: bnc-1 (ot845[bnc-1::+mNG+AID]) CRISPR allele; Kerk et al., 2017.

  9. ‡‡Expression was confirmed in VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R based on cell body position and expected number of neurons for each class.

  10. §§Reagent: otEx6502 [cfi-1fosmid::gfp]; Kerk et al., 2017.

  11. ##Expression was confirmed in DA1-8 based on cell body position and the cell-type specific markers juIs14[acr-2::gfp] that labels DA, DB, VA, VB. This analysis also revealed that cfi-1 is not expressed in VA12. No expression in VA1, VB1 and VB2 was inferred based on cell body position and total number (3) of MNs expressing cfi-1 at the retrovesicular ganglion.

  12. ¶¶Reagent: adEx1299[avr-15prom::gfp]; Dent et al., 1997.

  13. ***Expression was confirmed in AS11 based on cell body position, axonal trajectory, and cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 9D–E and Figure 1-figure supplement 1 .

  14. †††Reagent: ynIs59[flp-18prom::gfp] from Chris Li. Expression in VA11 and VA12 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1B, Figure 2A–B, and Figure 1—figure supplement 1.

  15. ‡‡‡Reagent: otIs107 [ser-2prom1::gfp]; Tsalik et al., 2003.

  16. §§§Expression in DA8 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1.

  17. ###Reagent: muIs42[mig-13prom::MIG-13::gfp]; Sym et al., 1999, Klassen and Shen (2007)

  18. ¶¶¶Expression in DA9 and VA12 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 2A–B.

  19. ****Reagent: otIs476[glr-4prom::tagrfp]. Expression in DA9 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1—figure supplement 1.

  20. ††††Reagent: otIs453 [itr-1prom::gfp]. Plasmid used for otIs453 transgene is pBT001, which was generated by Gower et al., 2001 and gfp expression in C.elegans in DA9 and PDA is described in Gower et al., 2001 and Klassen and Shen (2007). Expression was confirmed in DA9 using cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 2A–B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1.

  21. ‡‡‡‡Reagent: sEx11976[sra-36prom::gfp]. Expression in VA11, DA8 and DA9 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1. †, #, **, ‡‡, ##, ¶¶, †††, §§§, ###, ****, ††††See also ‘Motor Neuron Subclass Identification’ section in Materials and methods.

  22. N. D: Not determined.

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