(A) Schematic showing seven C. elegans MN classes (SAB, DA, DB, VA, VB, AS, VC), which are color-coded. Individual neurons of each class intermingle and populate three regions along the A-P axis; …
Summary of synaptic wiring data.
(extracted from www.wormwiring.org). <> = gap junction (electrical synapse), > = chemical synapse, bwm = body wall muscle, MSN = male-specific neuron (all such connections lettered in blue). Note that only some subclass-specific connections are non-dimorphic (green), while most are sexually dimorphic (red). Only connections represented by >3 serial sections are shown. The extent of dimorphism of the VB1 neurons is not currently known because of absence of available male data.
Transgenic gfp reporter animals for sra-36, avr-15, flp-18, ser-2, itr-1, and egl-5 were crossed with subclass-specific red fluorescent markers (ser-2, glr-4) or a marker that labels all cholinergic …
(A) Schematic showing subclass-specific gene expression in posterior MNs. (B–C) The expression of multiple subclass-specific markers (DA9: itr-1, glr-4, mig-13; VA12: mig-13, flp-18; DA1-7/DB: unc-12…
(A) Fosmid-based reporters for egl-5, lin-39 and mab-5 reveal MN subclass-specific expression. A differential interference contrast (DIC) image of the anterior and posterior half of a C. elegans …
(A–B) The expression of the subclass-specific markers unc-129 (DA1-7/DB) and del-1 (VA1-11/VB) is significantly affected in lin-39 mab-5 double mutants, as well as in animals lacking ceh-20, C. …
(A) The expression of the acetylcholine (ACh) pathway gene unc-17/VAChT is not affected in cholinergic ventral nerve cord MNs of lin-39(n1760)mab-5(e1239) double mutant animals. Quantification is …
(A) The expression of lin-39 and mab-5 is not affected in ventral cord MNs of unc-3 mutants. The number of lin-39 and mab-5 positive MNs was quantified in wild-type and unc-3(e151) animals. N.S: not …
(A) The binding site for UNC-3 (COE motif) and LIN-39 are shown. The COE motif has been previously characterized (Kratsios et al., 2011), while the LIN-39 site was identified though ChIP-seq …
(A) Genome browser view of the unc-129 locus (www.wormbase.org). ChIP-seq for LIN-39 reveals binding at the cis-regulatory region of unc-129 (243bp fragment shown as a black solid line), which …
(A) Schematic showing that the subclass-specific markers unc-129 (DA1-7/DB) and del-1 (VA1-11/VB) are not expressed in DA9 and VA12 of WT animals, respectively. In egl-5(n945) mutants, unc-129 is …
(A) The expression of egl-5 expression is not affected (not de-repressed in VNC MNs) in lin-39(n1760);mab-5(e1239) double mutants. N indicates number of animals. White dotted line in A and B …
(A) Schematic showing the location of DA9 neuromuscular synapses in WT, egl-5(n945), egl-5(n945); Ex [glr-4prom::egl-5] animals. On the right, the pre-synaptic boutons of the DA9 synapses were …
(A) Schematic summarizing the expression of mab-5 and several subclass-specific markers (unc-129, itr-1, glr-4) in DA7, DA8 and DA9 neurons of WT animals. (B) The expression of the DA1-7/DB marker un…
(A) The expression of cfi-1 (based on transcriptional and a fosmid-based reporter) is affected in VNC MNs (including DA1-8) of lin-39(n1760);mab-5(e1239) mutants (L4 stage). Quantification on the …
(A) A schematic summarizing the intersectional expression of unc-3 and C. elegans Hox genes in MNs along the A-P axis. (B) Our findings reveal an intersectional strategy in which a non-regionally …
(A) Side view of the mouse spinal cord. Motor neurons of the medial motor column (MMC, shown in green) are located on the ventral side along the A-P axis of the spinal cord. Lhx3 is marker for MMC …
In situ hybridization analysis shows no detectable expression of Ebf1 and Ebf3 in spinal motor neurons from brachial, thoracic and lumbar regions at the embryonic day 14 (e14.5) of mouse embryo …
Motor neuron subclass markers.
Gene | Function | Previously reported subclass expression | Confirmed subclass expression | Revised/new subclass expression | Stage for onset of expression (in hermaphrodites) | Sex-specificity of expression | UNC-3 dependency and COE motif number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
del-1 | DEG/ENaC ion channel | VA1-VA12 VB1-VB11 SABVL/R* | VA1-VA11 VB1-VB11 SABVL/R† | VA1-VA11: late L2‡ VB1-VB11: early L2 SABVL/R: 3-fold embryo | Yes, in males VA12 also express del-1 | Yes (3 motifs) | |
unc-129 | TGF-beta like molecule | DA1-DA7, DB1-DB7, SABD§ | DA1-DA7, DB1-DB7, SABD# | DA1-DA7, DB1-DB7, SABD: L1 | No | Yes (3 motifs) | |
hum-2 | unconventional myosin | DB1¶ | DB1** | DB1: L1 or earlier | No | N. D (1 motif) | |
bnc-1 | C2H2 Zn finger transcription factor | VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R†† | VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R‡‡ | VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R: late L1 | Yes, CP7 and CP8†† in male VNC | Yes7 (4 motifs) | |
cfi-1 | ARID-type transcription factor | DA1-DA8§§, DB1-DB7 | DA1-DA8##, DB1-DB7 | VA2-VA11, VB3-VB11## | DA1-DA8: not determined VA2-11, VB3-VB11: late L1 | Not determined | Yes (>5 motifs) |
avr-15 | Glutamate-gated cloride channel | DA9, VA12¶¶ | VA11, AS11*** | VA11, AS11: late L3 | Yes, 4 additional neurons (not ACh) in male PAG | Yes (4 motif) | |
flp-18 | FMRF-like neuropeptide | none | VA11 VA12††† | VA11: L2/L3 VA12: L2/L3 | Yes, 8 additional cells/neurons in male tail | Yes (1 motif) | |
ser-2 | tyramine receptor | DA9‡‡‡ | DA8§§§ | DA8: L1 or earlier | No | No (0 motifs) | |
mig-13 | transmembrane protein | DA9, VA12### | DA9 VA12¶¶¶ | DA9: L1 or earlier VA12: L2 | Yes, 2 additional ACh tail neurons | Yes (1 motif) | |
glr-4 | Glutamate receptor subunit | none | DA9**** | DA9: L1 or earlier | No | Yes (2 motifs) | |
itr-1 | Inositol triphosphate receptor | PDA, DA9†††† | DA9†††† | DA9: L2/L3 | No | Yes (1 motif) | |
sra-36 | G-protein coupled receptor | none | DA8 DA9 VA11‡‡‡‡ | DA8, DA9: L1 or earlier VA11: L2 | No | N. D (2 motifs) |
*Reagent: wdIs3 X or wdIs6 II [del-1prom::gfp]; Winnier et al., 1999.
†Expression was confirmed in VA1-11, VB1-11, and SABVL/R based on cell body position, axonal trajectory, and expected number of neurons for each class. Also, see Figure 2C.
‡As described in Winnier at al. (1999), by the end of L2, del-1prom::gfp is visible in a few anterior VAs. This expression progresses in a wave from anterior to posterior VAs, with all VAs (except VA12) expressing del-1prom::gfp by the L4/adult stage.
§Reagent: evIs82B IV [unc-129prom::gfp]; Colavita et al. (1998), Kratsios et al. (2015)
#Expression was confirmed in DA1-7, DB1-7, and SABD based on cell body position, axonal trajectory, cell type-specific markers, and expected number of neurons for each class. Also, see Figure 2C.
¶Reagent: mdIs123 [hum-2prom::gfp] from James Rand and Stephen Fields; www.wormatlas.org
**Expression was confirmed in DB1 based on cell body position and axonal trajectory. Also, see Figure 1B.
††Reagent: bnc-1 (ot845[bnc-1::+mNG+AID]) CRISPR allele; Kerk et al., 2017.
‡‡Expression was confirmed in VA1-VA12, VB2-VB11, SABVL/R based on cell body position and expected number of neurons for each class.
§§Reagent: otEx6502 [cfi-1fosmid::gfp]; Kerk et al., 2017.
##Expression was confirmed in DA1-8 based on cell body position and the cell-type specific markers juIs14[acr-2::gfp] that labels DA, DB, VA, VB. This analysis also revealed that cfi-1 is not expressed in VA12. No expression in VA1, VB1 and VB2 was inferred based on cell body position and total number (3) of MNs expressing cfi-1 at the retrovesicular ganglion.
¶¶Reagent: adEx1299[avr-15prom::gfp]; Dent et al., 1997.
***Expression was confirmed in AS11 based on cell body position, axonal trajectory, and cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 9D–E and Figure 1-figure supplement 1 .
†††Reagent: ynIs59[flp-18prom::gfp] from Chris Li. Expression in VA11 and VA12 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1B, Figure 2A–B, and Figure 1—figure supplement 1.
‡‡‡Reagent: otIs107 [ser-2prom1::gfp]; Tsalik et al., 2003.
§§§Expression in DA8 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1.
###Reagent: muIs42[mig-13prom::MIG-13::gfp]; Sym et al., 1999, Klassen and Shen (2007)
¶¶¶Expression in DA9 and VA12 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 2A–B.
****Reagent: otIs476[glr-4prom::tagrfp]. Expression in DA9 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1—figure supplement 1.
††††Reagent: otIs453 [itr-1prom::gfp]. Plasmid used for otIs453 transgene is pBT001, which was generated by Gower et al., 2001 and gfp expression in C.elegans in DA9 and PDA is described in Gower et al., 2001 and Klassen and Shen (2007). Expression was confirmed in DA9 using cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 2A–B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1.
‡‡‡‡Reagent: sEx11976[sra-36prom::gfp]. Expression in VA11, DA8 and DA9 was confirmed with cell type-specific markers. Also, see Figure 1B and Figure 1—figure supplement 1. †, #, **, ‡‡, ##, ¶¶, †††, §§§, ###, ****, ††††See also ‘Motor Neuron Subclass Identification’ section in Materials and methods.
N. D: Not determined.