Covert shift of attention modulates the value encoding in the orbitofrontal cortex
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Figures
Figure 1
Behavior paradigms and electrophysiology recording locations.
(A) Behavior paradigm. The monkeys had to maintain their fixation while passively viewing one or two visual cues presented on the screen. Each cue was associated with a reward. In some trials, one …
Figure 2 with 3 supplements
Pupil dilation responses reflected cue-reward association.
(A) Pupil dilation responses of trials in the single-cue conditions for monkey G. Time 0 indicates the cue onset. The dark gray box indicates the cue presentation period. The light gray box …
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Pupil responses for each cue combination.
(A) Pupil responses for each cue combination for monkey G. The cue combinations with the same higher value cue form groups, which are indicated by the same color and joined together by line …
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
The pupil responses did not reflect the value of the perturbed cue.
The sessions in which value-encoding neurons were recorded are plotted. Time 0 indicates the onset of cues. The blue and red curves are pupil responses when the lower and the higher value cue was …
Figure 2—figure supplement 3
The monkeys’ eye positions during fixation were not affected by visual perturbations.
Each data point represents the average horizontal eye position between the rotation onset and the cue offset under two perturbation locations (left vs. right) in a recording session. The dashed line …
Figure 3 with 1 supplement
OFC responses to cue conditions without perturbations.
(A) The PSTH in the single-cue condition of an example OFC neuron. The trials are grouped by the cue’s associated reward value indicated by different colors. The shading around each curve represents …
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
Firing rates of the example neuron in Figure 3AB for each cue combination.
One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference within any of the four groups with the higher value being 1, 2, 4, and 8 (p-values=0.6644, 0.3017, 0.6987, and 0.5031).
Figure 4 with 8 supplements
OFC responses to cue conditions with perturbations.
(A) Population responses of the positively tuned OFC neurons to the double-cue conditions with visual perturbations. The blue curve includes the trials with the lower value cue rotated. The red …
Figure 4—figure supplement 1
Population responses to the double-cue conditions with visual perturbations of the OFC neurons from individual monkeys.
(A) and (B) Positively tuned neurons from monkeys D and G, respectively. (C) and (D) Negatively tuned neurons from monkeys D and G, respectively. The same convention is used as in Figure 4AB.
Figure 4—figure supplement 2
Attentional modulation indices of the value-encoding OFC neurons.
The grey bars indicate neurons with significant attentional modulation. Mean values of all value-encoding neurons and those with significant attentional modulations are indicated by the dashed lines …
Figure 4—figure supplement 3
OFC responses to the cue conditions with perturbations.
Analyses are the same as in Figure 4AB, except that only the first 50 correct trials in each block were included. (A) Population responses to the double-cue conditions with visual perturbations of …
Figure 4—figure supplement 4
Population responses to the double-cue conditions with visual perturbations of the OFC neurons from individual monkeys, with only the first 50 correct trials in each block were included.
(A) and (B) Positively tuned neurons from monkeys D and G, respectively. (C) and (D) Negatively tuned neurons from monkeys D and G, respectively. The same convention is used as in Figure 4AB.
Figure 4—figure supplement 5
OFC population responses to the double-cue conditions without visual perturbations (yellow) and with visual perturbations applied to the higher value cues (red).
The shading around each curve represents s.e.m. between trials. The grey box indicates the rotation period. Only the neurons with significant attentional modulations were included. (A) The …
Figure 4—figure supplement 6
The history of attentional modulation of OFC responses.
Here, we replotted Figure 4CD, but now labeling the data points by when the neuron was recorded. We split the whole experiment into two halves. The red dots are the sessions in the early half, and …
Figure 4—figure supplement 7
The distributions of the latencies and the durations of the attention modulation window in which the visual perturbation affected the neurons’ responses significantly.
(A) Modulation window latencies for the positively tuned neurons. (B) Modulation window latencies for the negatively tuned neurons. (C) Modulation window durations for the positively tuned neurons. …
Figure 4—figure supplement 8
OFC neurons’ responses to the double-cue conditions with perturbations applied to the higher value or the lower value cues.
The responses are the average responses from 450 to 750 ms after the cue onset. (A) Positively tuned neurons, (B) negatively tuned neurons. The same convention is used as in Figure 4CD.
Figure 5 with 4 supplements
The attentional shift between the two cues depended on the difference between their associated value.
(A) The solid red curve is the positively tuned OFC neurons’ responses to an 8-drops-of-juice cue paired with another cue associated with 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 drops of juice. The solid black curve …
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
The modulation of the positively tuned neurons’ responses due to the attentional shift between the two cues depended on the difference between their associated values.
(A) and (C) Similar to Figure 5A, but plotted separately for monkey D and G, respectively. (B) and (D) similar to Figure 5B, but plotted separately for monkey D and G, respectively.
Figure 5—figure supplement 2
The modulation of the negatively tuned neurons’ responses due to the attentional shift between the two cues depended on the difference between their associated values.
(A) and (C) similar to Figure 5C, but plotted separately for monkey D and G, respectively. (B) and (D) similar to Figure 5D, but plotted separately for monkey D and G, respectively.
Figure 5—figure supplement 3
The distributions of the best fitting parameters in the full model of each neuron.
(A) parameter b. (B) parameter c. (C) parameter d.
Figure 5—figure supplement 4
The comparison between the full model and model 2.
(A) The distributions of r2 of the full model (top) and model 2 (bottom). (B) The comparison of the r2 of the full model and model 2 for each neuron.
Tables
Table 1
Numbers of OFC neurons recorded and classified in this study.
For neurons with significant attentional modulation, we defined the consistency of the modulation as whether their responses to the double-cue conditions with visual perturbation became more or less …
| Value-selective neurons | Positively tuned neurons | Negatively tuned neurons | Visually responsive neurons | Total# neurons recorded | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No attentional modulation | 67 | 44 | 23 | 232 | 846 | |
| With attentional modulation | Consistent | 40 | 28 | 12 | ||
| Inconsistent | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Total | 43 | 29 | 14 | |||
| Total | 110 | 73 | 37 | |||
Additional files
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Supplementary files 1
includes Supplementary Tables 1–3.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31507.024
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Transparent reporting form
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31507.025
