1. Developmental Biology

Feedback regulation of cytoneme-mediated transport shapes a tissue-specific FGF morphogen gradient

  1. Lijuan Du  Is a corresponding author
  2. Alex Sohr  Is a corresponding author
  3. Ge Yan  Is a corresponding author
  4. Sougata Roy  Is a corresponding author
  1. University of Maryland, United States
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137
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Cite this article
  1. Lijuan Du
  2. Alex Sohr
  3. Ge Yan
  4. Sougata Roy
(2018)
Feedback regulation of cytoneme-mediated transport shapes a tissue-specific FGF morphogen gradient
eLife 7:e38137.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137
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8 figures, 5 videos, 1 table and 2 additional files

Figures

Figure 1 with 2 supplements
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A concentration gradient of Bnl:GFP adopts precise morphologies of the recipient ASP.

(A) Drawings depicting budding and directed growth of the third instar larval ASP (red, btl expression) regulated by Bnl produced in a restricted group of cells in the wing disc (green); Bnl source spatiotemporally changes position ahead of the growing ASP; TC, transverse connective. (A’) Drawing depicting hypothetical chemotactic gradient of secreted Bnl (green) that was predicted to guide the directed ASP (red) growth toward the Bnl expressing cells (green circle). (A’’) Drawing depicting a cross-section of the late third instar larval ASP and wing disc, showing their epithelial contours, relative position in X-Z-Y dimension, putative Bnl- responsive cells (red), and disc bnl-expressing cells (green); upper/lower Z. (B) A schematic map of bnl:gfpendo knock-in allele; grey box, non-coding exons; orange box, coding exons; line, introns. (C–D’) Z-projected images showing that Bnl:GFP, produced at physiological level from the bnl:gfpendo allele, moved from the disc bnl-source to the ASP and distributed along the distal to proximal direction of the recipient tissue; (C,C’) bnl-source marked by CherryCAAX expression (bnl-LexA, lexO-CherryCAAX/bnl:gfpendo); (D,D’) recipient ASP marked by CD8:Cherry expression (btl-Gal4,UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo); (C,D) merged red and green channels; (C’,D’) only the green channel; arrows, Bnl:GFP signal detected specifically in the wing disc source and recipient ASP. (E) Graph showing the Bnl:GFP concentration gradient along the ASP D-P axis in late third instar larvae (N = 4 independent samples). (F) Coordination of Bnl:GFP gradient formation with the ASP growth; time points, hours (h) after third instar larval molt; relative position of bnl-source marked by dashed-line. (G) Narrow range of Bnl:GFP gradient in shorter ASPs from early third instar larvae (N = 3 independent samples). (E,G) Red line graph, trend-line of the X-Y scatter plot with exponential fit from the averaged value; Cmax, maximum average Y value (Bnl:GFP intensity); (H) Negative correlation of the ASP D-P axis length and the slope (Cmax to C1/2max) of the Bnl:GFP gradient; each coordinate represents a single disc-ASP tissue; upper panels, Bnl:GFP distribution in three examples of ASPs with different lengths of D-P axis (the cropped region). (I) A 3D sagittal view showing a continuous long-range Bnl:GFP distribution across the entire recipient ASP epithelium adopting its tubular contour; expression of a target gene reporter of Bnl signaling, pntP1-lacZ (red, anti-βGal) showing corresponding signaling response; (I’,I’’) Intensity plots of Bnl:GFP (green) and pntP1-lacZ (red) (I’’) across the entire ASP epithelium derived from the digitally straightening ASP epithelium shown in I’. (J) Drawing of a cross section of the ASP-wing disc, summarizing the observations from C,D,I. (C–I’) Fixed samples, Z-projection, except I-I’; AU, arbitrary unit; dashed line, ASP or wing disc outline. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.003
Figure 1—source data 1

Data for the intensity profile plot of Bnl:GFP along the D-P axis of the late 3rd instar larval ASP in Figure 1E.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.006
Figure 1—source data 2

Data for the intensity profile plot of Bnl:GFP along the D-P axis of the early 3rd instar larval ASP in Figure 1G.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.007
Figure 1—source data 3

Numerical data for correlation of the length of the D-P axis of the ASP and the slope of the Bnl:GFP gradient in Figure 1H.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.008
Figure 1—source data 4

Data for the intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and pntP1-lacZ along the digitally straightened tubular ASP epithelium in Figure 1I”, Figure 1—figure supplement 2D”, and Figure 1—figure supplement 2E”.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.009
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
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Generating genome-edited flies harboring a bnl:gfpendo allele.

(A) Scheme for CRISPR/Cas9-based generation of bnl:gfpendo and two possible outcomes from the HDR; orange box, coding exon; grey box, non-coding exon; line, introns; red vertical arrow, approximate gRNA target site; horizontal red arrows, approximate primer binding sites. (B-B’’’) Representative agarose gel pictures showing examples of the three-step PCR-based CRISPR screening process; red arrows, amplicons from gDNA of the c26-9 line used in this study; (B) PCR amplification products (*) obtained from the gDNA of different lines using primers fwd1-rev2 identified the gfp sequence containing positive HDR lines; (B’) HDR positive lines identified in B (e.g., c26-9), were reconfirmed by PCR using fwd2-rev1 primers; (B’’) the HDR positive lines identified in B,B’, were subjected to PCR screening using primers M13F and rev3; the lower-most bands (*) indicated unintended ‘ends-in’ HDR; Absence of the band showed probable ends-out HDR; (B’’’) the putative ‘ends-out’ HDR were confirmed with PCR amplification of the correct sized product with fwd1-rev1 primers, both of which annealed to the flanking gDNA regions outside of the inserted cassette; the correct ends-out HDR amplified ~700 bp longer product due to the presence of gfp sequence than the negative control untagged parental gDNA; markers, 1 kb DNA ladder from NEB; (B’’,B’’’) (-) represents PCR product amplification from negative control: gDNA from the nos-Cas9 parental line; (+) represents PCR product amplification from positive control: pDonor-bnl:GFP plasmid. (C) A table showing efficiency of generating bnl:gfpendo lines using CRISPR/Cas9; numbers of HDR progenies in (d,f,g) were determined by PCR based screen similar to B-B’’’; gene expression in (h) was verified in the larval imaginal discs, trachea, brain and embryo; normal morphology in (h) was verified in embryonic and larval trachea, and overall tissue morphology.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.004
Figure 1—figure supplement 2
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Characterization of Bnl:GFP distribution in the ASP.

(A, A’) Immunostaining with αBnl antibody (red) recognized Bnl:GFP puncta in the ASP; (A) merged channels; (A’) only the red channel. (B-C) Effect on the ASP (outlined by white dashed line) growth by knocking-down of bnl:gfpendo expression with bnlRNAi (bnl-Gal4/UAS-bnlRNAi,bnl:gfpendo); (B) control (bnl-Gal4/bnl:gfpendo); (B’,B’’) bnl-RNAi (bnl-Gal4/UAS-bnlRNAi,bnl:gfpendo); (B’) complete knock down and growth suppression; (B’’) partial knock down and growth suppression; red, phalloidin; (C) a table showing phenotypic consequences of bnlRNAi-mediated knock down of bnl:grpendo. (D-E’’) 3D sagittal views showing long-range Bnl:GFP distribution adopting the ASP tubular morphology; expression of a target gene reporter of Bnl signaling, pntP1-lacZ (red, anti-βGal) showing corresponding signaling response; (D’,E’) outline of the ASP epithelium selected for the digital straightening; (D’’,E’’) intensity plots from the digitally straightened (lower panels) epithelium from (D’ and E’) respectively. (A-B’,D,E) white dashed lines, ASP outlines. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.005
Figure 2 with 2 supplements
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A receptor-bound Bnl:GFP gradient.

(A) A schematic map of btl:cherryendo knock-in allele; orange box, coding exon; grey box, non-coding exon; line, introns. (B) Btl:Cherry, expressed at physiological levels from the btl:cherryendo allele, was detected as densely packed puncta marking the ASP cell membrane. (C,C’) Bright colocalized Bnl:GFP-Btl:Cherry puncta visible at low exposure imaging, 100% of the Bnl:GFP puncta in the ASP are Btl:Cherry bound; (C’) only red channel shown. (D) Graded Btl:Cherry expression and distribution in the ASP coincided with the Bnl:GFP gradient in the ASP; N = 3 independent samples; lower panel, an example of the region of ASP used for generating the intensity plot in the upper panel; AU, arbitrary unit. (E-E’’’) About 90 ± 1.6% colocalized Bnl:GFP-Btl:Cherry puncta in the ASP also localized in αRab7-marked endosomes (arrowhead); (E) merged colors; (E’) zoomed in region marked by dashed box in E; (E’’) only green and blue channels showing endosome localized Bnl:GFP in the ASP; (E’) only blue channel. (C,C’,E-E’’’) arrow, basally localized Bnl:GFP-Btl:Cherry puncta that were not in the endosomes; arrowhead, apically localized receptor-ligand puncta that were also in the endosomes; all images, Z-projection of 5–6 selected optical planes; dashed line, ASP outline. (C–E’’’) bnl:gfpendo/btl:cherryendo larvae. (B–E’’’) fixed samples. (B,D) Z-projection of 30–40 optical planes. Scale bars, 30 μm; 10 μm (E); 5 μm (E’).

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.012
Figure 2—source data 1

Data for the intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and Btl:Cherry in Figure 2D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.015
Figure 2—source data 2

Data for the intensity profile plot of Btl:Cherry in Figure 2—figure supplement 1D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.016
Figure 2—source data 3

Numerical data showing frequency of colocalization of Bnl:GFP puncta in the ASP with Btl:Cherry, early-, late-, and recycling- endosomes, and lysosomes in Figure 2C,E, and Figure 2—figure supplement 2A,B,C.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.017
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
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Generating genome-edited flies harboring a btl:cherryendo allele.

(A) Scheme for CRISPR/Cas9-based generation of btl:cherryendo allele and two possible outcomes from the HDR; orange box, coding exon; grey box, non-coding exon; line, introns; red vertical arrow, approximate gRNA target site; horizontal red arrows, approximate primer binding sites. (B-B’’’) Representative agarose gel pictures from CRISPR screening, showing examples of PCR-amplified products obtained from the genomic DNA (gDNA) of putative ‘ends-out’ and ‘ends-in’ HDR; red arrow, amplicons from line a21-10 used in this study; markers, 1 kb DNA ladder from NEB; (B) PCR amplification product (*) obtained from the gDNA of different lines using primers fwd1-rev2 identified the positive HDR harboring mCherry sequence; (B’) HDR positive lines identified using PCR primers fwd1-rev2 were reconfirmed by performing another PCR using fwd2-rev1 primers; *, the expected band; (B’’) The HDR positive lines identified in B and B’ steps were subjected to PCR screen with M13F and rev3 primers; amplification of a large product (*) indicated unintended ‘ends-in’ HDR lines; two ends-in lines were shown in the gel; (B’’’) The putative ‘ends-out’ HDR lines from step B’’ were further confirmed with PCR amplification with fwd1-rev1, both of which anneal to the flanking gDNA regions outside of the inserted cassette; the intended ends-out HDR lines amplified a ~ 700 bp longer PCR product than the control amplicon derived from the parental gDNA (nos-Cas9 parental line); (B’’’) (-), negative control- PCR product amplified from the genomic DNA of nos-Cas9 parental line. (C) A table showing efficiency of generating btl:cherryendo lines using CRISPR/Cas9; numbers of HDR progenies in (d,f,g) were determined by PCR based screen as described in Materials and methods and in B-B’’’; gene expression in (h) was verified in the larval and embryonic trachea; normal morphology in (h) was verified in embryonic and larval tracheal branching and overall tissue morphology. (D) Btl:Cherry, expressed from the btl:cherryendo allele, marked the ASP membrane and formed a gradient (lower panel) along the D-P axis of ASP. (E,E’) Btl:Cherry bound Bnl:GFP gradient in early (E) and late (E’) stage ASP; genotype: bnl:gfpendo/btl:cherryendo. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.013
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
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Intracellular distribution of the receptor-bound Bnl:GFP puncta.

(A) Bnl:GFP puncta colocalized with early endosomes (pink) recognized by αRab5 antibody (arrow); lower panel, showing only Rab5 (pink) distribution from merged channels in upper panel. (B,B’,C) Bnl:GFP puncta in the ASP did not colocalize with the recycling endosome marker, Rab11 (red, αRab11, B,B’), or the lysosome marker, Lamp1 (red, αLamp1, C). White dashed line, ASP outline. Scale bars, 10 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.014
Figure 3 with 3 supplements
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ASP cells receive Bnl:GFP through Btl-containing cytonemes.

(A-A’’) An αGFP-based EIF assay under the detergent-free conditions (Materials and methods), identified externalized Bnl:GFP (red, Bnl:GFPex) that localized specifically on the surfaces of the ASP, actin-rich ASP protrusion (arrow), and, at a low level, on wing disc signal producing cells (area within the dotted line); (A’) concentration gradient of surface-localized Bnl:GFPex similar to that of the intracellular Bnl:GFPin along the D-P axis of the ASP (N = 3 independent samples); bright Bnl:GFPin puncta were unrecognized by the EIF method; EIF-stained Bnl:GFPex puncta (red) emitted poor GFP fluorescence. (B-B’’) Control experiment for (A), showing random non-specific distribution (red, αGFP EIF) of extracellular secreted-GFP (secGFP; drawing in B; Materials and methods) when expressed from the disc bnl-source (green; see Figure 3—figure supplement 1A); (A’,B’’) drawings explaining distribution patterns in A,B’ respectively; (A,B’) blue, phalloidin-Alexa-647 staining of f-actin marked cell outlines. (C–E) Bnl:GFPex puncta (red; arrow) localized on the surface of CD8:Cherry-marked cytonemes (blue) emanated from the ASP (btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo); (C,D) αGFP-EIF; (E) αBnl-EIF. (F-F’) Enhanced-gain super-resolution images (Materials and methods), showing a sub-resolution distribution of faint Bnl:GFP molecules (nanopuncta) in live CD8:Cherry-marked ASP and ASP cytonemes (see Figure 3—figure supplement 2A–B’); genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo; (F’) zoomed-in area indicated by the ROI box in (F); (F’’) cytonemes from a different sample showing difference of nano-puncta (arrowheads) and large puncta representing clusters (arrow) of nano-puncta. (G) An αBnl EIF showing biased distribution of the native externalized Bnl puncta (Bnlex, arrow) in wild type (w-) background; grey, phalloidin-Alexa-647. (H) Bnlex puncta colocalized with endogenous Btl:Cherry on cytonemes extended from the btl:cherryendo ASP. (I,I’) Comparison of Bnlex (αBnl EIF, red; arrowhead) localization on the actin-rich ASP cytonemes (blue, phalloidin-Alexa 647) with and without a direct contact (green dots, arrow) with the disc bnl-source; genotype: btl-Gal4/lexO-nsyb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/+; (I’) a graph showing the comparative numbers; N = 14 ASP; p<0.0001 (two-tailed t-test). (J) A high-resolution image showing contacts between the ASP cytronemes (blue) and wing disc source (green) and enrichment of native externalized Bnl (red; Bnlex, detected with αBnl EIF) at these contact points; genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:GFP/+; bnl-LexA, lexO-CherryCAAX/+. Scale bars, 20 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.018
Figure 3—source data 1

Numerical data for measuring and plotting intensity profiles of Bnl:GFPex (αGFP EIF) in Figure 3A”.

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Figure 3—source data 2

Numerical data for comparing the numbers of Bnlex puncta on cytonemes with and without a direct contact with the disc bnl source in Figure 3I’.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.023
Figure 3—figure supplement 1
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Cytoneme-mediated Bnl:GFP transport.

(A) green and red channels of Figure 3B’, showing αGFP EIF staining of a secGFP construct expressed from the bnl-source; red extracellular signal shows random distribution. (B-B’’) Examples of αGFP EIF-probed Bnl:GFPex (red) on the surfaces of CD8:Cherry (blue)-marked cytonemes (btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo); note that only some of the Bnl:GFPex on cytonemes were detected with GFP-fluorescence; (B’’) zoomed in image of one cytoneme from B’. Scale bars, 20 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.019
Figure 3—figure supplement 2
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Distribution of Bnl:GFP on cytonemes and cell surfaces.

(A-A’’’) Bnl:GFP nanopuncta (<200 nm diameter; arrowhead) on ASP (A,A’), cytonemes (A,A’’), and the source cells (A”’); intracellular Bnl:GFP puncta (arrow) are larger in diameter (>500 nm diameter). (B,B’) αGFP EIF stain (red signal) recognized Bnl:GFP nanopuncta on the cell surface detected by super-resolution imaging; blue, phalloidin-Alexa 647 marks the ASP outline. All panels, only the selected Z-sections are shown. All samples, fixed tissues.Genotypes: (A-A’’’) btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo; (B,B’) bnl:gfpendo. Scale bars, 10 μm; 5 μm (A”,A”’).

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.020
Figure 3—figure supplement 3
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Live imaging of Bnl:GFP and Btl:Cherry on cytonemes.

(A) Endogenous Btl:Cherry marked the ASP cytonemes; Genotype: btl:cherryendo. (B,B’) CD8:Cherry-marked cytonemes localized Bnl:GFP (arrow); (B) upper layer; (B’) lower layer; Genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo. (C,C’) CD4:mIFP-marked cytonemes with colocalized Btl:Cherry and Bnl:GFP puncta (arrow); genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD4:mIFP/+; bnl:gfpendo/btl:cherryendo. All samples, Z projected image; Scale bars, 20 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.021
Figure 4 with 1 supplement
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Cytonemes are essential for tissue-specific Bnl:GFP gradient profile.

(A-D) Representative images of Bnl:GFP uptake in CD4:mIFP-marked (red) clones in the ASP: (A) wt; (B) snRNAi, (C) diaRNAi; (D) nrgRNAi. (E) A box plot comparing the ratios of Bnl:GFP concentration outside (unmarked WT area) to inside (marked mutant area) of the CD4:mIFP-marked cytoneme-deficient mutant clones, expressing either diaRNAi (N = 3), nrgRNAi (N = 4), or snRNAi (N = 6) with that of the control marked WT clones (N = 3); P values, two-tailed t-test. (F,F’) Schematic models predicting differences expected in distribution patterns of EIF-stained Bnl:GFPex (red) on btl LOF clones (blue) either in diffusion-based (F’) or cytoneme-dependent (F) Bnl:GFP transport mechanism. Intracellular Bnl:GFP (green, Bnl:GFPin) level is expected to be reduced in both modes of signal transport. (G) Representative image showing autonomous loss of distribution of Bnl:GFPex (red, αGFP EIF-stained) in CD4:mIFP-marked (blue) btl LOF (btlRNAi) clone. (G’) Plot comparing relative Bnl:GFPex (red) density inside (mutant area) versus outside (WT area, control) of btl LOF clones (N = 3 independent ASPs); P values, two-tailed t-test. (H,H’) Representative image showing enrichment of αGFP EIF stained Bnl:GFPex (red) on long cytonemes (arrow) projected from btlGOF clones in the ASP stalk. Genotypes: hs-FLP/+; btl>y+>Gal4/+; UAS-CD4:mIFP, bnl:gfpendo/+ (A) or UAS-‘x’-RNAi (B–G) or UAS-btl (H’). Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.025
Figure 4—source data 1

Numerical data for measuring the ratio of Bnl:GFP concentration outside:inside of the marked clones in Figure 4E.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.027
Figure 4—source data 2

Numerical data for measuring Bnl:GFPex levels between btl LOF clones and the neighboring wt area in Figure 4—figure supplement 1G’.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.028
Figure 4—source data 3

Numerical data for measuring the relative Bnl:GFPex density in btl GOF clones and the neighboring wt area in Figure 4—figure supplement 1B.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.029
Figure 4—figure supplement 1
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Cytonemes are essential for Bnl:GFP gradient.

(A) Table showing numerical data of clonal analyses for dia, nrg, and sn knockdown within the ASP. (B) Bar graphs comparing relative Bnl:GFPex (red) density inside versus outside (WT control, blue) of four different clones overexpressing Btl (btl GOF) in the ASP stalk region; each clone is from an independent biological sample.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.026
Figure 5 with 1 supplement
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A graded pattern of cytoneme formation in the ASP.

(A-C) Live images of ASPs showing variability in the number of long, oriented cytonemes emanating from the CD8:GFP-marked clones located in different ASP zones: (A) proximal stalk (>7th cells from distal tip of 12 cell long D-P axis); (A’) mid-region (4th-7th cells along the D-P axis); (A’’) distal tip (1st-3rd cells along D-P axis); red, btl>RFPmoe; lower panels, drawing showing approximate location of the clones and the corresponding cytoneme patterns, dashed line, bnl-source; (B) graphs comparing the number of long (>15 μm) and short (<15 μm) cytonemes from clones in the distal tip (N = 8), mid (N = 5), and proximal (N = 6) regions in the ASP; (C) rose plots comparing number and orientation of cytonemes of different lengths emanated from CD8:GFP-marked clones at distal tip-to-mid region (1st-7th cell along D-P; N = 7) and proximal stalk (>7 cells away from distal tip along D-P axis; N = 11) of the ASP; genotype: hs-FLP/+; UAS-mCD8:GFP/+; btl>y+>Gal4, btl-mRFP1moe/+. (D-D’’) Clones of cells expressing CD8:RFP and CD4:GFP11 from tip-, mid-, and stalk- region of the ASP established variable number of contacts with sybGFP1-10 expressing disc bnl-source; green puncta, GFP-reconstitution signal representing contact sites between the ASP cells and the source; (D’’) plots comparing the number of contacts established by cells from different regions of the ASP with the disc bnl source; blue, phalloidin-Alexa 647; genotype: hs-FLP/+; btl>y+>Gal4/lexO-nsyb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/UAS-CD8:RFP. All panels except D-D’’, live imaging. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.030
Figure 5—source data 1

Numerical data for the number of long (>15 μm) and short (<15 μm) cytonemes from wt clones in different regions of the ASP in Figure 5B.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.032
Figure 5—source data 2

Numerical data for the number of cytonemes oriented in different directions from wt clones in Figure 5C.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.033
Figure 5—source data 3

Numerical data for comparing the number of contacts established by cytonemes emanated from clones at different regions of the ASP in Figure 5D”.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.034
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
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A graded pattern of cytoneme contacts.

(A-A’’) Representative examples of clonal sybGRASP analyses to assess the number of contact sites (green) established by different parts (A, proximal; A’, mid; A’’, distal tip) of the ASP with the disc bnl-source; red, randomly localized ASP clones co-expressing CD8:RFP and CD4:GFP11; bnl-source expressing nsyb:GFP1-10 (hs-FLP/+; btl>y+>Gal4/lexO-nsyb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/UAS-CD8:RFP). (B) Frequency of cytoneme-mediated contacts established by upper and lower layers of the ASP with the bnl-source; genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/LexO-syb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/+ (see Videos 3 and 5). Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.031
Figure 6 with 2 supplements
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Bnl:GFP acts as a morphogen to activate concentration-dependent gene expression.

(A-D) Representative images showing correlation of the Bnl:GFP gradient with spatial expression domains (red) of sty (A; sty-lacZ), pntP1 (B; pntP1-lacZ), cut (C; αCut), and yan (D; αYan); lower panels, intensity plots along the D-P axis of the ASP. (E) Drawing depicting the expression domains of sty, pntP1, cut, and yan within 1st-3rd, 1st-7th, 7th-14th, and 11th-14th cells, respectively, from the distal tip of a 14 cell long D-P axis of ASP including TC (2 cell wide). (F) Drawing of a sagittal section of an ASP depicting relative gene expression domains in Z axis (see Figure 6—figure supplement 1C). (G) Correlation of spatial range of endogenous Bnl:GFP gradient with induction of pMAPK signaling (α-dpERK, blue) and Cut expression (α-Cut, red). (H–I) Overexpression of Bnl:GFP from the disc bnl-source (arrowhead) expanded the range of Bnl:GFP and pMAPK signaling (H,H’) to the ASP stalk, suppressing/retracting the cut (H, arrow) and yan (I, arrow) domains to the farthest part that received little or no Bnl:GFP (arrow; red). (J) A hypothetical expression pattern (solid lines) of PntP1 (orange) and Cut (blue) induced by an ectopic Bnl:GFP (green) expressing clone in the ASP stalk; dashed lines, original native Bnl, PntP1, and Cut expression pattern. (K,L) Small Bnl:GFP overexpressing clones (green) at the ASP stalk non-autonomously suppressed cut (L; red; arrow), induced pntP1 (K; red; arrow), and organized the surrounding cells to induce ectopic branch (dashed outlines); genetic crosses: hs-FLP; btl>y+>Gal4, btl-mRFP1moe X UAS-Bnl:GFP (L), or UAS-Bnl:GFP; pntP1-lacZ/TM6 (K). (M–P) Cut and PntP1 reciprocally antagonized each other’s expression (red); GOF/LOF, Gain/Loss of function; (M,N) hs-FLP; UAS-mCD8GFP; btl>y+>Gal4,btl-mRFP1moe X UAS-pntRNAi (M), or UAS-PntP1 (N); (O) hs-FLP; btl>y+>Gal4,btl-mRFP1moe X UAS-Cut, UAS-CD8:GFP; pntP1-lacZ/TM6; (P) hs-FLP; UAS-mCD8GFP; btl >y+>Gal4, btl-mRFP1moe X UAS-cutRNAi, pntP1-lacZ/TM6. (M,O) ASP tip/mid-region; (N,P) ASP stalk/TC region; LOF, RNAi-mediated knockdown; arrows, the intended GOF/LOF clones. (A–P) white dashed line, ASP or clone outlines. (C,G,H,H’,L,M,N) αCut; (A,B,K,O,P) anti-βGal for pntP1-lacZ (B,K,O,P) and sty-lacZ (A). Genotypes, see Materials and methods. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.037
Figure 6—source data 1

Data for the intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and sty (sty-LacZ) in Figure 6A.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.040
Figure 6—source data 2

Data for the intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and pntP1 (pntP1-LacZ) in Figure 6B.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.041
Figure 6—source data 3

Data for the intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and cut (αCut) in Figure 6C.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.042
Figure 6—source data 4

Data for the intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and yan (αYan) in Figure 6D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.043
Figure 6—source data 5

Numerical data of showing effects of bnl:gfp GOF clones in the ASP stalk in Figure 6K,L; Figure 6—figure supplement 1D.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.044
Figure 6—source data 6

Numerical data of clonal analysis showing reciprocal inhibition of pntP1 and cut in the ASP in Figure 6M–P.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.045
Figure 6—source data 7

Data for the additional intensity profile plots of Bnl:GFP and sty, pntP1, cut, and yan in Figure 6—figure supplement 2A–H

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.046
Figure 6—figure supplement 1
Download asset Open asset
Bnl:GFP acts as a morphogen.

(A) Domains of sty, pntP1, cut, and yan expression in the ASP; cell numbers were determined along the longest D-P axis of the Z-projected ASP images. (B) Differential levels of expression of sty and pntP1 in the upper and lower Z sections of the ASP. (C) Schematic drawing explaining the results in B. (D) Small Bnl overexpressing clones (green, arrow) at the ASP stalk non-autonomously induced sty (red, sty-lacZ); genetic cross: hs-FLP; UAS-mCD8:GFP; btl>y+>Gal4, btl-mRFP1moe X UAS-Bnl; sty-lacZ/TM6. (E) Btl overexpression clones (white, pseudocolored) induced dpERK (red) signaling autonomously; genetic cross: hs-FLP; btl>y+>Gal4; UAS-CD4:mIFP, bnl:gfpendo X UAS-Btl. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.038
Figure 6—figure supplement 2
Download asset Open asset
Bnl:GFP acts as a morphogen.

(A-H) Examples from two independent biological samples showing correlation of the Bnl:GFP gradient with spatial expression domains (red) of sty (A,B; sty-lacZ), pntP1 (C,D; pntP1-lacZ), cut (E,F; αCut), and yan (G,H; αYan); lower panels, corresponding intensity plots along the D-P axis of the ASPs shown. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.039
Figure 7 with 1 supplement
Download asset Open asset
Positive and negative feedback regulations of cytoneme formation by differential levels of Bnl signaling.

(A,A’) CD8:GFP-marked cut-GOF clones at the ASP tip suppressed long oriented cytoneme (arrow) formation; A’, rose plots showing number and orientation of cytonemes of different lengths from distal tip (N = 12) and proximal stalk (N = 6) regions of the ASP. (B,B’) A cut-GOF clone (red, CD4:mIFP) suppressed Bnl:GFP uptake cell-autonomously; B’, A graph comparing Bnl:GFP concentration in cut-GOF clones and corresponding neighboring control area in the ASP (N = 6); p value, two-tailed t-test. (C,C’) pntP1-GOF clones induced long oriented cytonemes (arrow) at the ASP stalk; C’, rose plots showing number and orientation of cytonemes of different lengths from proximal (N = 5) and distal tip (N = 8) clones in the ASP. (D,D’) pntP1-LOF clones suppressed long oriented cytonemes (arrow) at the ASP tip; D’, rose plots showing number and orientation of cytonemes of different lengths from proximal stalk (N = 6) and distal tip (N = 11) clones in the ASP. (A,A’,C,C’,D,D’) see control in Figure 5A–C. (E,E’) A CD4:mIFP-marked pntP1-LOF clone at the ASP tip suppressed Bnl:GFP uptake; E’, plot comparing Bnl:GFP uptake in the pntP1 LOF clone and corresponding neighboring control area in the ASP (N = 4). (F) pnt-P1 GOF clones in the ASP stalk showed higher levels of Bnl:GFP in the clones compared to the WT neighboring area. (G) αGFP EIF showed high Bnl:GFPex on cytonemes and the clonal cell body on pnt-P1 GOF clones in the ASP stalk; (F,G) *, wt neighboring area. (H) A graph showing fold difference of Bnl:GFP and Bnl:GFPex density inside to outside (WT control area) of the pntP1 GOF clones (N = 5 each). (I) pntP1 GOF clones induced btl:cherryendo expression and polarized graded organization of Btl:Cherry molecules. Genotypes: (A,A’,C-D’) hs-FLP/+; UAS-mCD8:GFP/+; btl>y+>Gal4, btl-mRFP1moe/UAS-cut or -pntP1 or -pntRNAi; (B,B’,E-H) hs-FLP/+; btl>y+>Gal4/+; UAS-CD4:mIFP, bnl:gfpendo/UAS-cut or -pntRNAi or pntP1; (I) hs-FLP/+; btl>y+>Gal4/+; btl:cherryendo/UAS-pntP1, UAS-mCD8:GFP. Scale bars, 30 μm.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.047
Figure 7—source data 1

Numerical data for the number of cytonemes oriented in different directions from various clones in Figure 7A’,C’,D’.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.049
Figure 7—source data 2

Numerical data for measuring the Bnl:GFP concentration in cut-GOF clones and the neighboring control area in Figure 7B’.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.050
Figure 7—source data 3

Numerical data for measuring the Bnl:GFP concentration in pntP1-LOF clones and the neighboring control area in Figure 7E’.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.051
Figure 7—source data 4

Numerical data for comparing the Bnl:GFP and Bnl:GFPex concentrations in pntP1-GOF clones and WT neighbors in Figure 7H.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.052
Figure 7—source data 5

Numerical data for the number of cytonemes oriented in different directions from the yan GOF clones in Figure 7—figure supplement 1A’,B’.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.053
Figure 7—figure supplement 1
Download asset Open asset
Yan negatively feedback regulates cytoneme numbers.

(A-B’) Examples of cytonemes from CD8:GFP-marked yan GOF clone at the tip (A) and the stalk (B) of the ASP; (A’,B’) respective R-plots indicating number and orientation of cytonemes of different lengths from the yan GOF clones. Genotype: hs-FLP/+; UAS-mCD8:GFP/+; btl>y+>Gal4, btl-mRFP1moe/UAS-yan. Scale bars, 30 μm unless otherwise labeled.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.048
Figure 8
Download asset Open asset
Feedback mechanisms regulating cytoneme-mediated Bnl gradient formation.

(A) A hypothetical state of an isolated tracheal epithelial cell projecting cytonemes in random orientation prior to its establishment of cytoneme-mediated contact with a bnl source; Each recipient cell is endowed with a PntP1-dependent positive (green area) and Cut/Yan-dependent negative (red area) feedback, controlling the number of cytonemes and Btl (blue). (A’) Gradient formation is initiated when one or few tracheal cell(s) establish contact with a Bnl source. The ASP cells projecting Btl-containing cytonemes contact the bnl-source and directly receive Bnl signal (orange circles). Receptor-bound Bnl ligands move along the cytoneme surface and are endocytosed in the ASP cell to activate concentration-dependent gene activities: PntP1 at high-moderate levels, and Cut and Yan at gradually lower levels. PntP1 elicits positive feedback while Cut and Yan elicit negative feedback on production of Btl and cytonemes in tracheal cells, creating a steady-state graded pattern of Bnl-receiving cytonemes. Signaling through these cytonemes generates and reinforces the Bnl gradient. The positive (PntP1) and negative (Cut/Yan) feedback also inhibit each other, and thereby can shape the gradient following recipient tissue-specific morphology. (B) When few tracheal cells from a pre-existing branch establish contacts with a new proximal source, this mechanism can initiate a new local gradient and a new epithelial branch organization.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.054

Videos

Video 1
Download asset
Asymmetric distribution of Bnl:GFP produced from the wing disc source.

Serial Z-stacks of the CD8:Cherry-marked ASP and underlying wing disc Bnl:GFP producing cells shown from lower to upper optical sections; only the green channel is shown to highlight asymmetric Bnl:GFP localization; genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.010
Video 2
Download asset
A recipient ASP-specific Bnl:GFP distribution.

Same sample and Z-stacks of the CD8:Cherry-marked ASP as shown in Video 1, but now with both red and green channels to highlight that the asymmetric Bnl:GFP distribution was due to dispersion of Bnl:GFP only in the recipient ASP epithelium; genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/+; bnl:gfpendo.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.011
Video 3
Download asset
3D rendered views of the CD8:Cherry-marked ASP showing that each of the ASP cytonemes established multiple physical contacts (green dots) with the underlying wing disc bnl source (unmarked).

Cytoneme contact sites were marked by sybGRASP, a GFP-reconstitution method, where the ASP expressed CD4:GFP11 and the wing disc bnl-source expressed syb:GFP1-10; genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/LexO-syb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/+.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.024
Video 4
Download asset
3D rendered views of the ASP and wing disc showing that the CD8:RFP- marked clones of cells in the ASP tip had higher number of cytoneme-mediated contacts (green) with the bnl-source than the clones in the ASP stalk; ASP outline was marked by phalloidin (blue); CD8:RFP marked clones of ASP cells at different positions expressed CD4:GFP11 and disc bnl-source (unmarked) expressed sybGFP1-10.

GFP-reconstitution indicated physical contacts between the wing disc source and the clonal part of the ASP; genotype: hs-FLP/+; btl>y+>Gal4/lexO-nsyb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/UAS-CD8:RFP.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.035
Video 5
Download asset
3D rendered views of the CD8:Cherry-marked ASP showing the differences in the number of cytoneme contacts with the disc bnl-source from the upper and lower layers of ASP cells; cytonemes from the lower layer ASP cells, which are proximal to the underlying disc source (unmarked) have higher number of contacts than the upper layer ASP cells; cytoneme contact sites (green) were marked by sybGRASP; genotype: btl-Gal4, UAS-CD8:Cherry/LexO-syb:GFP1-10, UAS-CD4:GFP11; bnl-LexA/+.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.036

Tables

Key resources table
Reagent type
(species) or
Resource		DesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional information
Antibodymouse anti-Discs largeDSHBDSHB:4F3
RRID:AB_528203		IHC (1:100)
Antibodyrabbit anti-dpERK
(Phospho-p44/42 MAPK
(Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204)
Rabbit mAb		Cell signaling TechnologyCell signaling
Technology:4370
RRID:AB_11207064		IHC (1:100)
Antibodymouse anti-CutDSHBDSHB:2B10
RRID:AB_528186		IHC (1:50)
Antibodymouse anti-
beta-galactosidase		DSHBDSHB:40-1a
RRID:AB_528100		IHC (1:50)
Antibodyrabbit anti-Rab5AbcamAbcam:ab31261
RRID:AB_882240		IHC (1:10000)
Antibodyrabbit anti-Rab7(Tanaka and Nakamura, 2008)N/AIHC (1:3000)
Antibodyrabbit anti-Rab11(Tanaka and Nakamura, 2008)N/AIHC (1:8000)
Antibodyrabbit anti-Lamp1AbcamAbcam:ab30687
RRID:AB_775973		IHC (1:10000)
Antibodymouse anti-YanDSHBDSHB:8B12H9
RRID:AB_531807		IHC (1:200)
Antibodyrabbit anti-BnlThis paperN/AIHC (1:1000),
EIF (1:500)
Antibodyrabbit anti-GFPAbcamAbcam:ab6556
RRID:AB_305564		EIF (1:3000)
Chemical
compound, drug		Alexa Fluor 647 PhalloidinThermo Fisher ScientificCat. #: A22287
RRID:AB_2620155		(1:1000)
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		{nos-Cas9}ZH-2ABloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_54591
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-CD8:GFPBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_5137
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-nlsGFPBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_4776
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-CD8:RFPBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_32218
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-CD4:mIFPBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_64182
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		lexO-nsyb:GFP1-10,
UAS-CD4:GFP11		Bloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_64315
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-BtlDN(Reichman-Fried and Shilo, 1995)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-bnlRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_34572
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-pntRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_35038
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-cutRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_33967
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-btlRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_40871
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-diaRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_33424
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-nrgRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_37496
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-snRNAiBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_42615
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		pnt-lacZ[07825]Bloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_11724
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		sty-lacZBloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_11735
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		bnl-LexA(Du et al., 2017)
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		bnl-Gal4Bloomington Drosophila
stock center		RRID:BDSC_112825
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		btl-Gal4(Sato and Kornberg, 2002)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		btl-LHG(Roy et al., 2014)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-Btl(Roy et al., 2011a)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-CD8:Cherry(Roy et al., 2011a)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		lexO-CD2:GFP(Yagi et al., 2010)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		hs-FLP; btl>y+>Gal4,
btl-mRFP1moe		(Cabernard and Affolter, 2005)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		hs-FLP; btl>y+>Gal4;
btl-mRFP1moe		(Cabernard and Affolter, 2005)N/A
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		bnl:gfpendoThis paperN/AFunctional genomic
knock-in allele by
CRISPR
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		btl:cherryendoThis paperN/AFunctional genomic
knock-in allele
by CRISPR
Genetic
reagent (Drosophila
melanogaster)		UAS-secGFPThis paperN/ASecreted GFP
overexpression
construct
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCGGGG
CCAATCGCGTCAAGCA-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-1 for
bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-AAACTGCT
TGACGCGATTGGCCC-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-1 for
bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCGATAT
TAGCAGTAGCCTTAG-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-2 for
bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-AAACCTAA
GGCTACTGCTAATAT-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-2 for
bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCGCAT
CACGGAGACGGTGCCGC-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-3 for
bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-AAACGCGG
CACCGTCTCCGTGATG-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-3 for
bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCGAGG
TGTACTGATATCTAAG-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-1 for
btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-AAACCTTA
GATATCAGTACACCT-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-1 for
btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCGCGG
CATCGAAAGGTCCAGAT-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-2 for
btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-AAACATCT
GGACCTTTCGATGCCG-3’		This paperN/AGuide RNA-2 for
btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CGTATGGG
ATTCCGATTGTGTG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify N
fragment of HDR
donor for bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CAGCTCCT
CGCCCTTGGACATAGTG
TTGCTGCTGCAATGTGGCGG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify N
fragment of HDR
donor for bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CCGCCACA
TTGCAGCAGCAACACTA
TGTCCAAGGGCGAGGAGCT-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify mid
fragment of HDR
donor for bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTGCTGA
TGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCAC
TCTTGTACAGCTCATC
CATGCCCAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify mid
fragment of HDR
donor for bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTGGGCA
TGGATGAGCTGTACAAG
AGTGGCAGCAGCAGCA
GCATCAGCAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify C
fragment of HDR
donor for bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GGCTTGA
GAGGTTCTTATAAAA
TACTCGAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify C
fragment of HDR
donor for bnl:gfpendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTCAACTT
CACCGTGACGAATGAC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify N
fragment of HDR
donor for btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTTTCTCC
ATGCGCTGACCCGT
AATCAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify N
fragment of HDR
donor for btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTGATTAC
GGGTCAGCGCATG
GAGAAAC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify mid
fragment of HDR
donor for btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GGAATTCT
TTTTGGTCTCCTTAT
ACTACGAA-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify mid
fragment of HDR
donor for btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-TTCGTAGT
ATAAGGAGACCAAA
AAGAATTCC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify
C fragment of HDR
donor for btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GGTTCCTC
TTCCATCCAAGGTTG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to amplify C
fragment of HDR
donor for btl:cherryendo
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-TTTTGGG
GCCAATCGTGTGAAGC
ACGGCGTGCGG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at bnl-gRNA-1 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CCGCACG
CCGTGCTTCACACGAT
TGGCCCCAAAA-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at bnl-gRNA-1 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CCATATTA
GCAGTAGTCTGAGCGG
TAGCAGTAAC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at bnl-gRNA-2 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTTACTGC
TACCGCTCAGACTACT
GCTAATATGG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at bnl-gRNA-2 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GGAGACG
GTGCCGCAAGAGCGG
GTCGAGCAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at bnl-gRNA-3
recognition site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTGCTCG
ACCCGCTCTTGCGGC
ACCGTCTCC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at bnl-gRNA-3 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CCGGGAA
ACGTCCCCGCTGAGGT
ATCAGTACACCTATAAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at btl-gRNA-1 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTTATAGG
TGTACTGATACCTCAG
CGGGGACGTTTCCCGG-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at btl-gRNA-1 recognition
site in HDR donor
sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTAGCAAT
CCAAACGATGCGTAT
CTGGACCTTTCGATGC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at btl-gRNA-2 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GCATCGA
AAGGTCCAGATACGCA
TCGTTTGGATTGCTAC-3’		This paperN/APrimer to introduce
synonymous mutation
at btl-gRNA-2 recognition
site in HDR donor
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCCTGTT
TAGGGGCGATAAGTGG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for bnl:gfpendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTGTTGCG
TAAGGTTAGGGCTTCG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for bnl:gfpendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GAAGCAG
CACGATTTCTTCAAGAGCG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for bnl:gfpendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CGCTCTTG
AAGAAATCGTGCTGCTTC-3’		This paperN/APrimer for bnl:gfpendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CGCCAGC
CAGGCAAT-3’		This paperN/APrimer for bnl:gfpendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCCTCAA
GAATGCCTCCTTGGAC-3’		This paperN/APrimer for btl:cherryendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTCTATGA
TACCTCTGACAGCTTC-3’		This paperN/APrimer for btl:cherryendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CTTCCCC
GAGGGCTTCAAGTG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for btl:cherryendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CACTTGAA
GCCCTCGGGGAAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for btl:cherryendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GTTTCTCC
ATGCGCTGACCCG
TAATCAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for btl:cherryendo
HDR screening and
sequencing
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-AATTCGAG
CTCGGTACAGATCTA
TGCGAAGAAACCTGCGC-3’		This paperN/APrimer for
UAS-SPBnl-sfGFP
cloning
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-CCTCGCCC
TTGGACATCATCGCA
GATACAAGGCCCC-3’		This paperN/APrimer for
UAS-SPBnl-sfGFP
cloning
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GGCCTTGT
ATCTGCGATGATGTC
CAAGGGCGAGGAG-3’		This paperN/APrimer for
UAS-SPBnl-sfGFP
cloning
Sequence-based
reagent		5’-GCCAAGC
TTGCATGCCGGTACCT
TACTTGTACAGCTC
ATCCATGCCC-3’		This paperN/APrimer for
UAS-SPBnl-sfGFP
cloning
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCR4Blunt-TOPOThermo Fisher
Scientific		N/A
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pUC19AddgeneAddgene:50005
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pUASTDrosophila
Genomics
Resource center		DGRC:1000
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCFD3(Port et al., 2014)N/A
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCFD3-bnl_gRNA-1This paperN/APlasmid for generation
of bnl_gRNA-1 flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCFD3-bnl_gRNA-2This paperN/APlasmid for generation
of bnl_gRNA-2 flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCFD3-bnl_gRNA-3This paperN/APlasmid for generation
of bnl_gRNA-3 flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCFD3-btl_gRNA-1This paperN/APlasmid for generation
of btl_gRNA-1 flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCFD3-btl_gRNA-2This paperN/APlasmid for generation
of btl_gRNA-2 flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCR4Blunt-TOPO
-bnl:GFP-1		This paperN/AHDR donor for making
bnl:gfpendo flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCR4Blunt-TOPO
-bnl:GFP-2		This paperN/AHDR donor for making
bnl:gfpendo flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCR4Blunt-TOPO
-bnl:GFP-3		This paperN/AHDR donor for making
bnl:gfpendo flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCR4Blunt-TOPO-
btl:Cherry-1		This paperN/AHDR donor for
making btl:cherryendo
flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pCR4Blunt-TOPO
-btl:Cherry-2		This paperN/AHDR donor for
making btl:cherryendo
flies
Recombinant DNA
reagent		pUAST-SPBnl-sfGFPThis paperN/APlasmid for generation
of UAS-secGFP flies
Software, algorithmFiji (ImageJ v2.0)(Schindelin et al., 2012)RRID:SCR_002285
Software, algorithmAdobe PhotoshopAdobeRRID:SCR_014199
Software, algorithmMicrosoft ExcelMicrosoftRRID:SCR_016137
Software, algorithmSnapGenesnapgene.comRRID:SCR_015052
Software, algorithmVassarStatsvassarstats.netRRID:SCR_010263
Software, algorithmRr-project.orgRRID:SCR_001905

Additional files

Source code 1

Source code for the rose plots shown in Figure 5, Figure 7, and Figure 7—figure supplement 1.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.055
Transparent reporting form
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137.056

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  1. Lijuan Du
  2. Alex Sohr
  3. Ge Yan
  4. Sougata Roy
(2018)
Feedback regulation of cytoneme-mediated transport shapes a tissue-specific FGF morphogen gradient
eLife 7:e38137.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38137