These phylogenies show the calculated evolution of natural-log transformed syllable repertoire size and either (A) stable and plastic song stability states or (B) early song-stable, delayed …
Predicted values for internal nodes for each trait.
There are three plots with associated tables for each song characteristic: The first plot and table set gives the values when the binary categorization of song stability (song-stable and song-plastic) is used. The second plot and table set gives the values when the ternary categorization of early song-stable, delayed song-stable, and song-plastic is used. The final plot and table set gives values when the continuous categorization is used. In the table, ‘Node’ corresponds to the numbered boxes on the tree nodes. ‘State Likelihood’ gives the probability that the common ancestor at a node was in a given leaning state when discrete categorizations are used. S = song stable, p=song plastic, E = early song-stable, D = delayed song-stable. ‘Length of Plasticity’ predicts the value along a continuous spectrum. ‘Trait’ is the predicted value of the song trait being examined in the associated tree for each internal node.
White dots at the tips show song-plastic species, while black dots show song-stable species. Inset shows an equally parsimonious set of transitions for the labeled species. At least seven …
The estimated ancestral character states are mapped on the tree for both adult song stability versus plasticity and for log-transformed song repertoire size. Black and white dots represent a species …
The estimated ancestral character states are mapped on the tree for both adult song stability versus plasticity (black versus white) and for log-transformed syllables per song (purple). Labeling is …
The estimated ancestral character states are mapped on the tree for both adult song stability versus plasticity (black versus white) and for log-transformed song duration (purple). Labeling is the …
The estimated ancestral character states are mapped on the tree for both adult song stability versus plasticity (black versus white) and for log-transformed intersong interval (purple). Labeling is …
The estimated ancestral character states are mapped on the tree for both adult song stability versus plasticity (black versus white) and for log-transformed song rate (purple). Labeling is the same …
The estimated ancestral character states are mapped on the tree for both adult song stability versus plasticity (black versus white) and for log-transformed song continuity (purple). Labeling is the …
The 20 species pairs that form monophyletic groups in our 67-species tree are included. Each point represents one species pair. A linear model yields a best-fit line of y = 0.0228 x + 0.131. Thus, …
P. collybita, a species with adult song stability, has a smaller syllable repertoire size than P. trochilus and P. fuscastus, two species with adult song plasticity. Colors of branches and nodes …
(A) shows the distribution of syllable repertoires and (B) shows the distribution of song repertoires when species are broken into two groups based on song stability. (C) shows the distribution of …
The boxes at the top illustrate how we grouped the species for each model. Column 1 (A-C): Blue traces are song-stable, while red traces are song-plastic. Column 2 (D-F): Blue traces are early …
Blue traces song-stable, while red traces are song-plastic. The black line shows the rate for the one-rate model. Asterisks indicate that the rate of evolution of that song characteristic …
We repeated the BayesTraits analysis using each value of the continuous song trait as the threshold delineating the larger and smaller syllable repertoire groups. We performed a total of 100 runs …
Mean transition rates from BayesTraits analysis between song stability and song features averaged over 2, 4, and 5 bins.
On page 1, the top two panels depict the mean rates from all runs across the values of syllable repertoire in the lower and upper half of thresholds, respectively. The bottom panel shows the p-values from the 100 runs per threshold, plotted against threshold. Colored bars denote low and high threshold segments. The blue line denotes p=0.05. On page 2, the top four panels depict the mean rates from all runs across the values of syllable repertoire in the first (top left), second (top right), third (middle left), and fourth (middle right) quartiles of the thresholds. The bottom panel follows the pattern of the bottom panel from page 1. On page 3, the five panels (top left and right, middle left and right, and bottom left) depict the mean rates from all runs across the values of syllable repertoire in the five quintiles of the of the thresholds, respectively. The bottom panel follows the pattern of the bottom panels from pages 1 and 2. The three-page pattern repeats for each song feature.
BayesTraits analysis of syllable repertoire and learning window, jackknifed across families.
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
BayesTraits analysis of syllables per song and learning window, jackknifed across families.
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
We repeated the BayesTraits analysis using each value of the continuous song trait, here, syllables per song, as the threshold delineating the ‘high’ and ‘low’ syllables per song groups. We …
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 1.
Transition arrows are labeled with the mean rate over all 1000 runs. (A) Mating system (polygyny vs. monogamy): 1000 of 1000 runs were significant at p<0.05. (B) Extra-pair paternity (Low EPP vs. …
Labeling is the same as in Figure 6.
BayesTraits analysis of song repertoire and learning window, jackknifed across families.
Labeling the same as in Figure 6 and Figure 6—figure supplement 2.
Song traits are sorted from most to least significant. Song-stable and song-plastic columns show mean values of each log-transformed song trait. Corrected α indicates the threshold for significance …
Song trait | Song-stable | Song-plastic | F-Value | Corrected α | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Syllable repertoire | 1.8807 | 3.946 | 41.5064 | 0.0071 | <0.001* |
Song repertoire | 1.1055 | 3.8688 | 33.8334 | 0.0083 | <0.001* |
Syllables/song | 1.2556 | 2.2962 | 9.2658 | 0.01 | 0.094 |
Duration | 0.7736 | 1.2927 | 2.0783 | 0.0125 | 0.42 |
Continuity | -1.3453 | -1.0286 | 2.1537 | 0.0167 | 0.474 |
Interval | 1.6075 | 1.218 | 1.3879 | 0.025 | 0.567 |
Song rate | 1.8969 | 2.0971 | 0.6079 | 0.05 | 0.713 |
*Denotes traits with significantly different groups.
Song traits are sorted from most to least significant. Early, delayed, and plastic columns show mean values of each log-transformed song trait. Corrected α indicates the threshold for significance …
Song trait | Early | Delayed | Plastic | F-Value | Corrected α | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Syllable repertoire | 1.6436 | 2.0062 | 3.946 | 17.1099 | 0.0071 | 0.003* |
Song repertoire | 0.6788 | 1.4819 | 3.8688 | 12.88 | 0.0083 | 0.011* |
Syllables/song | 1.2852 | 1.2467 | 2.2962 | 3.6877 | 0.01 | 0.252 |
*Denotes traits with significantly different groups.
Song trait | State 1 | State 2 | T-Value | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Syllable repertoire | Plastic | Delayed | 4.8995 | 0.012* |
Syllable repertoire | Early | Plastic | 4.6091 | 0.003* |
Syllable repertoire | Early | Delayed | 0.6872 | 0.659 |
Song repertoire | Plastic | Delayed | 4.0268 | 0.044* |
Song repertoire | Early | Plastic | 4.3074 | 0.015* |
Song repertoire | Early | Delayed | 1.0444 | 0.55 |
*Denotes traits with significantly different groups.
Test performed on the natural-log scaled values of song characteristics. λ is the value by which off-diagonal elements in the Brownian motion model are multiplied to make the correlation structure. …
Song trait | Slope | Std error | λ | T-Value | Corrected α | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Syllable repertoire | 0.9067 | 0.2449 | 0.8913 | 3.7021 | 0.0071 | <0.001* |
Song repertoire | 1.1013 | 0.3123 | 0.8316 | 3.5263 | 0.0083 | <0.001* |
Syllables/song | 0.3701 | 0.2224 | 0.4699 | 1.6642 | 0.01 | 0.1029 |
Interval | 0.4221 | 0.2646 | 0.8823 | 1.5953 | 0.0125 | 0.1215 |
Continuity | -0.2135 | 0.1439 | 0.8832 | -1.4838 | 0.0167 | 0.1486 |
Duration | 0.3702 | 0.2569 | 1.0163 | 1.441 | 0.025 | 0.1578 |
Song rate | -0.2113 | 0.25 | 0.7307 | -0.8453 | 0.05 | 0.4048 |
*Denotes significant slopes.
Rate columns show mean log likelihood. Song traits are sorted from most to least significant.
Song trait | One rate | Two rates | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Syllables/song | -110.6482 | -100.7673 | <0.001* |
Song rate | -43.4397 | -38.4938 | 0.002* |
Interval | -45.2842 | -40.5004 | 0.002* |
Duration | -71.2042 | -66.3122 | 0.002* |
Continuity | -25.6471 | -24.7285 | 0.175 |
Syllable repertoire | -120.2983 | -120.0695 | 0.499 |
Song repertoire | -113.5829 | -113.3706 | 0.515 |
*Denotes traits where the more complex model fit the data significantly better than the simpler model.
Rate columns show mean log likelihood. Song traits are sorted from most to least significant.
Song trait | One rate | Three rates | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Syllables/song | -97.8349 | -86.3206 | <0.001* |
Song repertoire | -100.812 | -97.7647 | 0.014* |
Syllable repertoire | -107.3206 | -105.5895 | 0.063 |
*Denotes traits where the more complex model fit the data significantly better than the simpler model.
Rate columns show mean log likelihood. Song traits are sorted from most to least significant.
Song trait | Two rates | Three rates | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Song repertoire | -100.691 | -97.7148 | 0.015* |
Syllable repertoire | -107.1332 | -105.5532 | 0.075 |
Syllables/song | -86.3125 | -86.3447 | 1 |
*Denotes traits where the more complex model fit the data significantly better than the simpler model.
Rate columns show mean log likelihood. Song traits are sorted from most to least significant.
Song trait | One rate | Two rates | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Song repertoire | -100.812 | -97.9918 | 0.018* |
Syllable repertoire | -107.3206 | -105.8488 | 0.086 |
*Denotes traits where the more complex model fit the data significantly better than the simpler model.
Rate columns show mean log likelihood. Song traits are sorted from most to least significant.
Song trait | Two rates | Three rates | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Syllable repertoire | -105.8156 | -105.5532 | 0.469 |
Song repertoire | -97.9372 | -97.7148 | 0.505 |
*Denotes traits where the more complex model fit the data significantly better than the simpler model.
Adult song plasticity and stability references.
Song feature and mating system data and references.
Supplemental data and code.
Supplemental tables S1-23 and supplemental table legends.