Efficient recognition of facial expressions does not require motor simulation
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy
Figures
Figure 1
Results of Experiments 1–8 by individual participant.
In black: control participants; in light grey: mean of the controls; in green and yellow: IMS 8 and 10 who performed Experiments 1–5 with normotypical efficiency; in red: the nine other IMS. A small …
Figure 2 with 3 supplements
Confusion matrices.
(A, B, C) Distribution of control participants’ (left) and IMS 8 and 10’s (right) percentage of trials in which they chose each of the six response alternatives when faced with the six displayed …
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Confusion matrices.
(A, B, C) Distribution of control participants’ (left), IMS 8 and 10’s (middle) and the other IMS’s (right) percentage of trials in which they chose each of the six response alternatives when faced …
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
Analysis of participants' action units when imitating facial expressions.
IMS 8, 10 and 5 control participants were asked to imitate pictures of an actor’s face expressing one of six facial expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). Their …
Figure 2—figure supplement 3
IMS 8 and 10's facial expression execution.
(A) Facial expression naming task. Control participants’ (six men, nine women, mean age = 26) were presented sequentially with a picture model from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces set (KDEF; …
Tables
Table 1
Summary of the IMS participants’ facial movements.
| IMS | Inf. lip | Sup. lip | Nose | Eyebrows | Forehead | R. cheek | L. cheek | Sup. R. eyelid | Inf. R. eyelid | Sup. L. eyelid | Inf. L. eyelid |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMS1 | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None |
| IMS2 | Slight | None | None | None | None | Slight | Slight | Slight | Slight | Slight | Slight |
| IMS3 | Slight | None | None | None | None | None | None | Slight | None | Slight | None |
| IMS4 | Slight | None | None | None | None | Slight | Slight | None | None | None | None |
| IMS5 | Slight | Slight | None | None | None | Slight | Slight | Slight | None | Slight | None |
| IMS6 | Mild | None | None | None | None | Mild | Mild | Slight | None | Slight | None |
| IMS7 | None | None | None | None | None | Mild | None | Mild | Slight | None | None |
| IMS8 | Slight | None | None | None | None | Mild | Slight | Slight | Slight | Slight | Slight |
| IMS9 | Mild | None | None | None | None | Mild | Slight | Slight | Slight | None | None |
| IMS10 | None | None | None | None | None | Slight | Slight | None | None | None | None |
| IMS11 | None | None | None | None | None | Slight | None | None | None | None | None |
Table 2
Information regarding IMS participants’ visual and visuo-perceptual abilities.
| Vision | Reported best corrected acuity | Strabismus | Eye movements | Mid-level perception* (modified t-test)2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMS1 | Hypermetropy, astigmatism | Mild vision loss (7/10) | Slight | H: Absent; V: Reduced | 0.9 |
| IMS2 | Hypermetropy, astigmatism | Normal vision | Slight | H: Absent; V: Reduced | −3.3 |
| IMS3 | Myopia | Normal vision | None | H: Absent; V: Reduced | −0.3 |
| IMS4 | Hypermetropy, astigmatism | Mild vision loss (5/10) | None | H: Absent; V: Typical | −2.9 |
| IMS5 | Hypermetropy, astigmatism | Mild vision loss (8/10) | Slight | H: Very limited; V: Typical | −0.3 |
| IMS6 | Hypermetropy, astigmatism | Normal vision | Slight | H: Typical; V: Typical | 0.1 |
| IMS7 | Hypermetropy, astigmatism | Moderate vision loss of the left eye (2/10) | None | H: Typical; V: Typical | 0.5 |
| IMS8 | Normal | Normal vision | None | H: Typical; V: Typical | 0.5 |
| IMS9 | Normal | Normal vision | Slight | H: Absent; V: Absent | −3.3 |
| IMS10 | Myopia | Mild vision loss (8/10) | None | H: Absent; V: Typical | −0.3 |
| IMS11 | Myopia, astigmatism | Mild vision loss: 6/10 right eye; 5/10 left eye | Slight | H: Reduced; V: Typical | −4.2 |
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* Leuven Perceptual Organization Screening Test, L-POST (Torfs et al., 2014). 2(Crawford and Howell, 1998).
Additional files
-
Supplementary file 1
Information regarding IMS participants’ demographic, neurological, psychiatric, medical and surgical/therapeutic history.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/54687/elife-54687-supp1-v2.docx
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Supplementary file 2
Facial action units corresponding to the facial expression of the six basic emotions and their presence/absence in the repertoire of the IMS 8 and 10.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/54687/elife-54687-supp2-v2.docx
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Transparent reporting form
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/54687/elife-54687-transrepform-v2.docx
