Stronger net selection on males across animals

  1. Lennart Winkler
  2. Maria Moiron
  3. Edward H Morrow
  4. Tim Janicke  Is a corresponding author
  1. Applied Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Germany
  2. CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, France
  3. Department for Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Sweden
5 figures, 1 table and 12 additional files

Figures

Correlations between phenotypic and genetic coefficients of variation (CVP and CVG, respectively) for lifespan and reproductive success.

Scatterplots show relationships between CVP and CVG for male (A) and female (B) reproductive success (green) and lifespan (brown). Shaded areas indicate the 95% confidence ellipses.

Sex bias in phenotypic and genetic variances in reproductive success and lifespan.

Scatterplots show the coefficient of phenotypic variation CVP (A, C) and genetic variation CVG (B, D) for reproductive success (A, B) and lifespan (C, D). Monogamous species are represented in red, polygamous species in blue. All data points above the diagonals indicate a male bias.

Sex differences in phenotypic and genetic coefficients of variation for reproductive success and lifespan.

Plots show posterior distributions for the sex difference of the phenotypic (A–C) and genetic (D–F) coefficient of variation (ΔCVP and ΔCVG, respectively) obtained from phylogenetic general linear mixed-effects models (PGLMMs; see Methods). Positive values indicate a male, negative values a female bias. Density plots contrast fitness components pooled across mating systems (A and D) or compare socially monogamous and polygamous species separately for reproductive success (B and E) and lifespan (C and F).

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram.

Flow chart maps the number of records identified during the different phases of the systematic literature search.

Phylogeny used to account for phylogenetic nonindependence in statistical modeling.

Doughnut charts show the relative fraction of samples (i.e., number of paired estimates for male and female genetic variance) and the number of species for reproductive success (RS) and lifespan (LS).

Tables

Table 1
Results of phylogenetic general linear mixed-effect models testing for an effect of sex on phenotypic (CVP) and genetic (CVG) coefficient of variation.

Results shown for reproductive success (RS) and lifespan (LS) for models ran across mating systems and when ran separately for socially monogamous and polygamous species. Estimates are shown as posterior means with 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals, with positive values indicating a male bias. PMCMC is the probability of the posteriors including zero. The variance explained by sex is given as the marginal R2 and the phylogenetic signal is reported as H2.

ResponseVariance componentSex effect estimatePMCMCMarginal R2Phylogenetic H2
Across mating systems
RSCVP0.234(0.149 ,0.322)<0.0010.07(0.02,0.12)0.12(0.00,0.32)
CVG0.086(0.043, 0.128)<0.0010.04(0.00,0.08)0.28(0.03,0.58)
LSCVP−0.005(−0.031, 0.021)0.7040.00(0.00,0.00)0.41(0.06,0.81)
CVG0.017(−0.006, 0.040)0.1490.01(0.00,0.02)0.46(0.12,0.81)
Monogamy
RSCVP−0.012(−0.063,0.035)0.6020.00(0.00,0.00)0.37(0.01,0.96)
CVG−0.015(−0.080,0.046)0.6280.01(0.00,0.02)0.43(0.05,0.92)
LSCVP0.026(−0.028,0.079)0.2810.00(0.00,0.02)0.37(0.01,0.87)
CVG0.050(−0.030,0.125)0.1790.02(0.00,0.07)0.46(0.05,0.89)
Polygamy
RSCVP0.312(0.207,0.417)<0.0010.11(0.03,0.18)0.20(0.01,0.47)
CVG0.119(0.068,0.170)<0.0010.07(0.01,0.13)0.25(0.02,0.56)
LSCVP−0.014(−0.046,0.018)0.3730.00(0.00,0.00)0.69(0.25,0.97)
CVG0.007(−0.016,0.031)0.5540.00(0.00,0.01)0.44(0.12,0.78)

Additional files

Supplementary file 1

Results of phylogenetic general linear mixed-effects models (PGLMMs) testing for sex by mating system interaction on phenotypic (CVP) and genetic (CVG) coefficient of variation.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp1-v1.docx
Supplementary file 2

Phylogenetic general linear mixed-effect models testing for an effect of sex on phenotypic (CVP) and genetic (CVG) coefficient of variation for a reduced dataset including only vertebrates.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp2-v1.docx
Supplementary file 3

Results of phylogenetic general linear mixed-effects models (PGLMMs) testing for sex by mating system interaction on phenotypic (CVP) and genetic (CVG) coefficient of variation obtained from a reduced dataset including only vertebrates.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp3-v1.docx
Supplementary file 4

Results of phylogenetic general linear mixed-effects models (PGLMMs) testing for the effect of sex, study type (lab versus field studies) and their interaction on phenotypic (CVP) and genetic (CVG) coefficients of variation.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp4-v1.docx
Supplementary file 5

Results of phylogenetic general linear mixed-effects models (PGLMMs) testing for the effect of sex, VG estimate (additive versus total) and their interaction on genetic (CVG) coefficient of variation.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp5-v1.docx
Supplementary file 6

Results of phylogenetic general linear mixed-effects models (PGLMMs) testing for the effect of sex, RS estimate (temporal versus lifetime reproductive success) and their interaction on phenotypic (CVP) and genetic (CVG) coefficients of variation.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp6-v1.docx
Supplementary file 7

Analysis of cross-sex genetic correlations.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp7-v1.docx
Supplementary file 8

Search terms and list of primary studies.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp8-v1.docx
Supplementary file 9

Methodological characteristics of the 55 primary studies.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp9-v1.docx
Supplementary file 10

Mating system classification of the 26 sampled species.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp10-v1.docx
Supplementary file 11

Phylogenetically independent meta-analysis of lnCVR of phenotypic variation.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-supp11-v1.docx
Transparent reporting form
https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/68316/elife-68316-transrepform1-v1.docx

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  1. Lennart Winkler
  2. Maria Moiron
  3. Edward H Morrow
  4. Tim Janicke
(2021)
Stronger net selection on males across animals
eLife 10:e68316.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.68316