Primate malarias as a model for cross-species parasite transmission
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, United States
- Duke Global Health, Duke University, United States
Figures
Figure 1 with 1 supplement
Bipartite plot of malaria parasite clade infection in primate genera.
Phylogeny of malaria parasites follows Sharp et al., 2020, with parasites grouped by their clade based on the primary human-infecting parasite in that clade; clade names used in the main text are above parasite groups. Branch lengths are arbitrary. Colors correspond to the parasite clade. Figure made in R bipartite package (Dormann et al., 2008). * denotes common human-to-human-transmitting parasites, and ^ denotes nonhuman primate (NHP) parasites that have been found to naturally infect humans.
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Bipartite plot of malaria parasite clade infection in primate genera.
Phylogeny of malaria parasites follows Sharp et al., 2020, with parasites grouped by their clade based on the primary human-infecting parasite in that clade; clade names are above parasite groups. Branch lengths are arbitrary. Colors correspond to the primate clade. Figure made in R bipartite package (Dormann et al., 2008). * denotes common human-to-human-transmitting parasites, and ^ denotes nonhuman primate (NHP) parasites that have been found to naturally infect humans.
Figure 2 with 1 supplement
Geographic distribution of emerging zoonotic malaria cases.
The solid colors represent cases occurring in nonhuman primates (NHPs), the gray solid color represents the areas where NHPs have been tested for Plasmodium species but none were identified, and black hatching represents cases in human, often overlapping NHP ranges. Presence of (A) P. knowlesi (orange) in Southeast Asia, (B) P. brasilianum (orange), and P. simium and P. brasilianum (blue) in South America and (C) P. cynomolgi (orange) in South and Southeast Asia. Data available in supplement, with data collation methods described in Section 2. Image made in Google Earth.
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Geographic distributions of hosts and vectors for zoonotic malaria.
The regions colored in blue correspond to the presence of the vector Anopheles. The regions colored in pink correspond to the presence of nonhuman primate (NHP) hosts. The regions overlapping the presence of mosquitoes, NHPs, and humans are potentially areas of increased concern for cross-species malaria transmission. The human density is from the Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University, 2018; NHP ranges are from IUCN, 2020. Anopheles range is from Sinka et al., 2012. Image made in Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al., 2017).
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
Nonhuman primate (NHP) malaria occurrence database.
Reported outcomes of tests for Plasmodium species sampled from NHPs. Sample location, method of sampling, sample size, and parasite and host species are included with original reference. Builds upon the occurrence database of Faust and Dobson, 2015. Further details are provided in the main text and Section 2.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/69628/elife-69628-supp1-v1.xlsx
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Supplementary file 2
Zoonotic malaria occurrence database.
Reported outcomes of tests for nonhuman primate (NHP) Plasmodium parasites sampled in humans. Sample location, method of sampling, sample size, and parasite species re included with original reference. Further details are provided in main text and Section 2.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/69628/elife-69628-supp2-v1.xlsx
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Primate malarias as a model for cross-species parasite transmission
eLife 11:e69628.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.69628
