The sleep-wake distribution contributes to the peripheral rhythms in PERIOD-2
Abstract
In the mouse, Period-2 (Per2) expression in tissues peripheral to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) increases during sleep deprivation and at times of the day when animals are predominantly awake spontaneously, suggesting that the circadian sleep-wake distribution directly contributes to the daily rhythms in Per2. We found support for this hypothesis by recording sleep-wake state alongside PER2 bioluminescence in freely behaving mice, demonstrating that PER2 bioluminescence increases during spontaneous waking and decreases during sleep. The temporary reinstatement of PER2-bioluminescence rhythmicity in behaviorally arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice submitted to daily recurring sleep deprivations substantiates our hypothesis. Mathematical modelling revealed that PER2 dynamics can be described by a damped harmonic oscillator driven by two forces: a sleep-wake-dependent force and a SCN-independent circadian force. Our work underscores the notion that in peripheral tissues the clock gene circuitry integrates sleep-wake information and could thereby contribute to behavioral adaptability to respond to homeostatic requirements.
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Funding
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (146694)
- Marieke MB Hoekstra
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (179190)
- Georgia Katsioudi
State of Vaud
- Marieke MB Hoekstra
- Maxime Jan
- Yann Emmenegger
- Paul Franken
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Ethics
Animal experimentation: All experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee of the State of VaudVeterinary Office Switzerland under license VD 2743, 3201 and 3402.
Copyright
© 2021, Hoekstra et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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