(A) PCA of genetic variation across 35,759 unlinked exome SNPs. Donors from this study are plotted on coordinate space derived from 1000 Genomes reference populations. Points with white borders …
Individual genotypes, population frequencies, and protein annotations for exome variants passing quality filters (N~160,000).
(A, B) Growth of P. falciparum lab strain 3D7 (A) or clinical isolate Th.026.09 (B) over a full 48-hr cycle in donor RBCs (see Figure 1C). Growth is presented relative to the average non-carrier …
PMR: parasite multiplication rate.
Twelve participants (including the weekly control, 1111) donated blood in multiple weeks for independent experiments. Repeated donors were non-carriers except 6443, who carried the HbAC allele; and …
(A–D) Red cell indices were measured by an ADVIA hematology analyzer. Additional indices are shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. MCV: mean corpuscular (RBC) volume; MCH: mean cellular hemoglobin; …
Donor classifications and statistical tests as in Figure 3. HCT, hematocrit; HDW, hemoglobin distribution width; HGB, hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MPV, mean platelet …
Donor classifications and statistical tests as in Figure 3. RBC, red blood cell.
Phenotypes were scaled and centered at 0 with the preProcess function from the caret package in R using all sample data (i.e., not limited to non-carriers). The mean value for each carrier group is …
Donor classifications and statistical tests as in Figure 3.
Donor classifications and statistical tests as in Figure 3.
(A) Phenotypes selected by LASSO in at least 40% of train data sets (blue shading; see Materials and methods) in at least one of four models of parasite replication (columns). Each model was trained …
Association statistics for individual phenotypic predictors with non-zero LASSO support.
Phenotypes from Figure 4A are shown if at least one OLS test had p<0.1. Lines of best fit are shown if p<0.1. All phenotypes except Fragility and Donor Age are clustered around the median as a …
(A) Variants in 23 malaria-related genes (Figure 5—source data 1) and genetic PCs selected by LASSO in at least >40% of train data sets. Each model was trained on ~90% of the measured data (B C) and …
Twenty-three RBC genes with strong links to malaria in the literature.
Proteins present in mature RBCs.
This list was derived from the Red Blood Cell Collection database (rbcc.hegelab.org) using a medium-confidence filter.
All genetic and phenotypic predictors with non-zero LASSO support.
Growth predictors selected in at least 40% of train data sets are indicated in bold. Genetic predictors are summarized in Figure 5A. NA indicates predictors that were only present as singletons in the smaller invasion data set.
Each model was trained on ~90% of the measured data and tested on the remaining 10%. Dashed lines indicate average R2 for the measured test data. Each histogram shows the same procedure on 1,000 …
Each cell shows the p-value from a linear model between the genetic variant and trait in non-carriers. RBC, red blood cell.
Homozygotes for the minor allele were ignored when estimating effect sizes for these alleles with OLS for Figure 6E. Effect size estimates that include all homozygotes are shown in Figure 5—source …
‘Variance explained’ is the R2 of a linear model in non-carriers (excluding using only these variants as predictors. Details on the variants and previous GWAS traits are provided in Figure 5—source …
See also Figure 1A.
Only PCs that distinguish the family from other non-carriers are shown. P-values are derived from t-tests. PC, principal component.
(A–D) Parasite replication versus the exome-wide fraction of African ancestry in non-carriers, determined with ADMIXTURE by comparison to 1000 Genomes reference populations. R2 and p-values are …
Phenotypes from Figure 4A are shown. R2 and p-values were estimated from OLS regression. RBC, red blood cell.
Reagent type (species) or resource | Designation | Source or reference | Identifiers | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biological sample (Homo sapiens) | Primary whole blood samples | This paper | Freshly drawn from de-identified human subjects into CPDA tubes (IRB #40479) | |
Strain, strain background (Plasmodium falciparum) | 3D7 | PMID:3299700; Obtained from Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia | ||
Strain, strain background (P. falciparum) | Th026.09 | PMID:22430961; Gift from Daouda Ndiaye and Sarah Volkman, Senegal | ||
Commercial assay or kit | DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit | QIAGEN | ||
Commercial assay or kit | KAPA Hyperplus Kit | Roche | ||
Commercial assay or kit | SeqCap EZ Prime Exome Kit | Roche | ||
Sequence-based reagent | Primers amplifying PIEZO1 exon 17 | PMID:32265284 | ||
Software, algorithm | bwa mem | http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.3997 | 0.7.17-r1188 | |
Software, algorithm | GATK | https://gatk.broadinstitute.org/hc/en-us | 4.0.0.0 | |
Software, algorithm | vcftools | doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr330 | 0.1.15 | |
Software, algorithm | ANNOVAR | PMID:20601685 | 2018-04-16 | |
Software, algorithm | PLINK | PMID:17701901 | v1.90b6.8 64-bit | |
Software, algorithm | ADMIXTURE | PMID:21682921 | 1.3.0 | |
Software, algorithm | R | https://www.R-project.org/ | 3.5.1 | |
Other | SYBR Green I nucleic acid stain | Invitrogen | S7563 | |
Other | Drabkin’s Reagent | Ricca Chemical | 2660–32 |