Figures and data in Structural basis for membrane recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in autophagy

Figures
Tables
Additional files

9 figures, 1 table and 3 additional files

Figures

Figure 1

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WIPI2d:ATG16L1 W2IR structure.

Structure of WIPI2d bound to ATG16L1 W2IR. (A) Annotated WIPI2d and ATG16L1 domain schematics. WIPI2d construct for crystallography is shown and W2IR from ATG16L1. (**B, C**) The ribbon diagram of the WIPI2d complex with ATG16L1 W2IR from the (B) bottom and (C) side views. Each blade is colored in accordance with (A). (D) Composite omit map of ATG16L1 W2IR. Modeled ATG16L1 is shown as red carton and the composite omit 2mFo-DFc map contoured at 1σ is shown in gray.

Figure 2

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Interactions at the interface.

Analysis of the Interface. (A) Overall electrostatic surface and (B) closer view of electrostatic surface with ATG16 W2IR shown as a cartoon and key residues labeled. (C) Overall hydrophobic surface of WIPI2d and (D) closer view of the hydrophobic interface with key residues labeled where yellow represents hydrophobic regions. (E) A cartoon and stick representation of hydrogen bonds between ATG16 and WIPI2d shown as black dotted lines with distances noted and key residues shown as sticks.

Figure 3

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WIPI2d Interfacial mutants decrease ATG16L1 binding.

Key interacting residues shown as sticks in cartoon representation of WIPI2d:ATG16L1 interface shown from (A) the WIPI2d face or (B) down the ATG16L1 helix. (C) Inputs for the (D) Pull-down assays of mutant WIPI2d constructs and wild type with GST-ATG16L1 W2IR. GSH resin was used to pull-down GST-ATG16L1 W2IR from purified protein mixture. The pull-down results were performed in triplicates and visualized by SDS–PAGE and Coomassie blue staining.

Figure 3—source data 1 Uncropped SDS-PAGE gels for Figure 3. Uncropped gel used in Figure 3C,D with lanes labeled similarly.: https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/70372/elife-70372-fig3-data1-v3.zip
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Figure 4

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WIPI2d mutants disrupt E3 recruitment and LC3 lipidation on GUVs.

(A) The schematic drawing illustrates the reaction setting. Colors indicate fluorescent protein-fused components. Components in gray are not labeled but are present in the reaction. (B) Representative confocal images of GUVs showing E3 membrane binding and LC3B lipidation. PI3KC3-C1, WIPI2d WT or mutant, E3-GFP, ATG7, ATG3, mCherry-LC3B, and ATP/Mn²⁺ were incubated with GUVs (64.8% DOPC: 20% DOPE: 5% DOPS: 10% POPI: 0.2% Atto647 DOPE) at room temperature. Images taken at 30 min were shown. Scale bars, 10 µm. (C) Quantification of relative intensities of E3-GFP and mCherry-LC3B on GUV membranes in (A) (means ± SDs are shown; N = 40). p≥0.5: (ns); 0.01<p<0.05: (*); 0.001<p<0.01: (**); p<0.001 (***); p<0.0001 (****).

Figure 5

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Altering the electrostatic interface of WIPI2 impairs starvation-induced autophagy in MEFs.

(A) Representative maximum projections of LC3 staining and either Halo or Halo-WIPI2 signal in WT or WIPI2 knockout (KO) cells (indicated on left) following 2 hr of starvation and 100 nM BafA treatment. Scale bar 15 µm. (B) Number of LC3-positive autophagosomes in either WT cells transfected with Halo, WIPI2 KO cells transfected with Halo, or WIPI2 KO cells transfected with the indicated Halo-tagged WIPI2 construct (labeled by mutation). (C) Number of discrete WIPI2 puncta under the conditions described in (B), measured using maximum projections of Halo-tag fluorescence. Experimental replicates are color-coded, with translucent dots representing individual measurements from each replicate and opaque dots, the corresponding arithmetic mean of that replicate. Error bars ± SEM; n = 4 independent experiments; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001 based on a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons between all conditions.

Figure 6

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Reconstitution of membrane recruitment of WIPI2d mutants.

(A) Representative confocal images of GUVs showing membrane binding of mCherry-WIPI2d. PI3KC3-C1, mCherry-WIPI2d WT or mutant, E3-GFP were incubated with GUVs (64.8% DOPC: 20% DOPE: 5% DOPS: 10% POPI: 0.2% Atto647 DOPE) at room temperature. Images taken at 30 min were shown. Scale bars, 10 µm. (B) Quantification of relative intensities of mCherry-WIPI2d on GUV membranes in (A) membranes (means ± SDs are shown; N = 40). (C) Quantification of confocal images of GUVs (69.8% DOPC: 20% DOPE: 5% DOPS: 5% DOPI(3)P: 0.2% Atto647 DOPE) showing membrane binding of mCherry-WIPI2d. mCherry-WIPI2d WT or mutant were incubated with GUVs at room temperature for 30 min and then imaged. (Means ± SDs are shown; N = 40). p≥0.5: (ns); 0.01<p<0.05: (*); 0.001<p<0.01: (**); p<0.001 (***); p<0.0001 (****).

Figure 7

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Comparing WIPI2d and WIPI3 structures and binding modes.

Comparison of WIPI2d and WIPI3. Alignment of WIPI2d and WIPI3 (A) structure and (B) sequence based on structures with W2IR residues denoted with white squares, W34IR with black, and from both with gray. Electrostatic surface comparison of (C) WIPI2d and (D) WIPI3.

Figure 8

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Comparison of WIPI2 and Atg21 binding to Atg16.

(A) Structural alignment of WIPI2 (PDB: 7MU2) and Atg21 (PDB: 6RGO; indigo) structures bound to Atg16. (B) Sequence alignment of Atg16 ß-propeller binding residues based on structure. Residues for WIPI2 and Atg21 binding are in highlighted in red and purple, respectively. (C) Electrostatic potential of Atg21 with overlay of AgAtg16 and ATG16L1 in purple and red, respectively. Key interacting residues are shown in sticks and labeled. Model of ATG12–5-16 performing LC3 lipidation on the autophagic membrane with (D) WIPI2 recruitment in humans with Helix one membrane binding is labeled (Lystad et al., 2019), and a secondary upward conformation is shown in faded colors versus (E) Atg21 recruitment in yeast.

Figure 9

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WIPI1-4 comparison.

Comparison of electrostatic surface potential of (A) WIPI1-4. (B) Hydrophobic surface of WIPI1 with predicted ATG16L1 W2IR shown as cartoon. (**C, D**) Alignment of WIPI2d crystal structure and WIPI1 homology structure with WIPI1 shown as light green and key residues labeled in the same color as structure.

Tables

Key resources table

Reagent type (species) or resource	Designation	Source or reference	Identifiers	Additional information
Cell line (Homo sapiens)	HeLa human epithelial cell line	ATCC	CCL-2	Authenticated by STR profiling; tested negative for mycoplasma
Cell line (Homo sapiens)	WIPI2-KO cells: HeLa cell line gene-edited to knockout WIPI2 expression	Fischer et al., 2020
Recombinant DNA reagent	pHTC HaloTag	Promega	G7711
Recombinant DNA reagent	Halo-WIPI2-WT (Homo sapiens) plasmid for transfection	Stavoe et al., 2019	Addgene 175025	Available from Addgene
Recombinant DNA reagent	Halo-WIPI2-H85E (Homo sapiens) plasmid for transfection	Modified from Halo-WIPI2-WT in Stavoe et al., 2019	Addgene 175027	Available from Addgene
Recombinant DNA reagent	Halo-WIPI2-K88E (Homo sapiens) plasmid for transfection	Modified from Halo-WIPI2-WT in Stavoe et al., 2019	Addgene 175028	Available from Addgene
Recombinant DNA reagent	Halo-WIPI2-I92E(Homo sapiens) plasmid for transfection	Modified from Halo-WIPI2-WT in Stavoe et al., 2019	Addgene 175029	Available from Addgene
Recombinant DNA reagent	Halo-WIPI2-R108E (Homo sapiens) plasmid for transfection	Stavoe et al., 2019	Addgene 176004	Available from Addgene
Recombinant DNA reagent	Halo-WIPI2-H85/K88/I92E (Homo sapiens) plasmid for transfection	Modified from Halo-WIPI2-WT in Stavoe et al., 2019	Addgene 175033	Available from Addgene
Antibody	Anti-LC3B, (Rabbit polyclonal) primary antibody	Abcam	Cat.#ab48394	IF (1:1000)
Antibody	Anti-Rabbit AlexaFluor488, (Goat polyclonal) secondary antibody	ThermoFisher	Cat.#A11034	IF (1:1000)
Chemical compound, drug	TMRDirect Halo Ligand	Promega	Cat.#G2991	37.5 nM final concentration
Software, algorithm	FIJI	PMID:22743772
Software, algorithm	Ilastik	PMID:31570887
Software, algorithm	Adobe Illustrator 2021	Adobe
Software, algorithm	Prism 9	GraphPad
Other	35 mm #1.5 glass bottom imaging dishes	MatTek	Cat.# P35G-1.5–20 C
Other	EBSS	ThermoFisher	Cat.# 24010043
Cell line (Homo sapiens)	HEK GnTi	ATCC	CRL-3022
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2d-cs-TEV	Fracchiolla et al., 2020	Addgene 171419
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2d10-364Δ263–295-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171830	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dH85E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171831	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dK88E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171832	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dI92E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171833	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dC93E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171834	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dR108E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171835	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dR125E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171836	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-WIPI2dK128E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171837	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2d-cs-TEV	Fracchiolla et al., 2020	Addgene 178912
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dH85E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171838	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dK88E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171839	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dI92E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171840	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dC93E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171841	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dR108E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171842	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dR125E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171843	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-mcherry-WIPI2dK128E-cs-TEV	This paper	Addgene 171844	Materials and methods section: Plasmids
Recombinant DNA reagent	pLEXm-GST-TEV-ATG14		Addgene 99329
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-TSF-TEV-BECN1		Addgene 99328
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-TSF-TEV-VPS34		Addgene 99327
Recombinant DNA reagent	pCAG-VPS15	Stjepanovic et al., 2017	Addgene 99326
Recombinant DNA reagent	pGBdest-ATG12-10xHis-TEV-ATG5-10xHis-TEVcs-ATG16L1-GFP-TEVcs-StrepII, ATG7, ATG10	Fracchiolla et al., 2020	Addgene 169077
Recombinant DNA reagent	pFast BacHT(B)–6xHis-TEV-ATG7	Fracchiolla et al., 2020
Recombinant DNA reagent	pET Duet-1-6xHis-TEV-ATG3	Fracchiolla et al., 2020	Addgene 169079
Recombinant DNA reagent	pET Duet-1-6xHis-TEV-mCherry-LC3B-Gly(∆5 C)	Zaffagnini et al., 2018	Addgene 169168
Other	96–2 well,INTELLI-PLATE (original) tray	Molecular Dimensions, Maumee, OH
Other	Greiner pre-greased 24 well Combo Plate (SBS format) with lid	Molecular Dimensions, Maumee, OH
Software, algorithm	Nikon Elements microscope imaging software 4.60	Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan	https://www.nikoninstruments.com/Products/Software/NIS-Elements-Advanced-Research/NIS-Elements-Viewer
Other	Glutathione Sepharose 4B GST-tagged protein purification resin	GE healthcare, Chicago, IL	Cat# 17075605
Other	Strep-Tactin Superflow high capacity 50 % suspension	IBA Lifesciences,Göttingen, Germany	Cat# 2-1208-010
Software, algorithm	phenix.refine	PMID:20124702, 22505256, 31588918	RRID:SCR_016736
Software, algorithm	XDS	PMID:20124692	RRID:SCR_015652
Software, algorithm	POINTLESS	PMID:21460446	RRID:SCR_014218
Software, algorithm	PHASER	PMID:19461840	RRID:SCR_014219
Software, algorithm	PyMol	PyMol (pymol.org)	RRID:SCR_000305
Software, algorithm	APBS	PMID:11517324	RRID:SCR_008387
Software, algorithm	SWISS-MODEL	PMID:29788355	RRID:SCR_018123
Software, algorithm	Coot	PMID:20383002	RRID:SCR_014222